Consequentialist theory of punishment Essay Example

Consequentialist theory of punishment Essay This essay is going to concentrate on the second type of modified consequentialism: Societal Defence. The underlying problems produced by the consequentialist theory of punishment have proven short-lived within the modified theories of consequentialism. The pure consequentialist theory provides four main concepts in which it acts to punish an individual who has committed a crime. The concepts cover incapacitation, deterrence, reform and rehabilitation. According to the modified consequentialist theory, punishment is used as a deterrent upon the individuals use of threats or physical force in defence of her/himself or others1. Farrells describes this idea that punishment is essentially a matter of self-defense2. The discussion in the section concentrates on the fact that threats of harm is used as a deterrent, and the possible consequences of severe punishment are inevitable if it is disregarded. Relating back to the question, we can see that even though there are problems within the pure consequentialist theory of punishment. The modified theories have not ascertained the extent of the problems, which it needs to be adhered to. Presently we can see that the pure theory has the main concepts (as seen above) that it uses in order to punish an individual. By using these forms of punishment it has not been able to proportion the severity of crime in relation to the crime itself. By deterring future crimes it was not able to sustain the original concept of why it was formed. Its original aim which was to deter future crimes had a minimal effect as some forms of punishment were failing. Rehabilitation is a form used that has raised many criticism as to its effectiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequentialist theory of punishment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Consequentialist theory of punishment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Consequentialist theory of punishment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Martinsons view clearly demonstrates this, with a few isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far had no appreciable effect on recidivism3. There has been little change in criminals re-offending again as the rehabilitation process does not seem to operate as it should in minimising re-offending behaviour. Originally established to cure the individual and reinstate them back into society. It has been scrutinised as it only concentrates on the individual and does not consider external factors like their background and social standing. Punishment should be in the form of inflicting the individual not helping the individual to overcome his unmoral sub-standard in society. This in turn did not give adequate punishment to offenders who deserved proportionate sentencing. An offender does not merely require to be adjusted to conform back into society, but also needs to have appropriate sentences given to them which they deserve. The rehabilitation process has proven to be unsuccessful time and time again, and in return crime rates have increased instead of declining4. The pure theory has no doubted failed to uphold its purpose in preventing offenders from committing crimes. This seems to be one of its biggest downfalls in relation to the prevention of crime. The consequentialist approach does try to intervene on this issue by adjusting its approach in concentrating punishment solely on the offender, by redirecting pain to fall on the offender. It still does not completely remove the issue of being proportionate to the crime committed. Farrells concentrates on deterring the individual defensively and not by using them as an example to society. Originally deterrence was a means to prevent offenders from re-offending, but by the offenders being guinea pigs their sentence was not proportionate to their offence. The public is perceived not to commit a crime if the sentence is extremely harsh, as explained by Clarkson: The punishment of the offender is aimed at the public at large in the hope that the example and threat of punishment will deter them from crime5 From this we can see that individuals are being treated unfairly as they receive disproportionate sentences for the crime they have committed. This theory of deterrence has shown to be unsuccessful as it does not justify the sentences essentially being handed out. Individuals in this sense are normal citizens who up-hold the law and abide by it. The offenders are criminals intent on causing harm and disturbing the peace. Farrell tries to modify this theory by raising the issue of self-defence in relation to deterring an offender. In order to deter an offender, threats of harm has to be posed at them. Before the offender can commit an offence aimed at the individual there has to be communication of a threat, of what will occur if that offender continues his offensive act. The state is removed from this notion of deterrence and the weight is shifted to the individual. The individual has to communicate an effective threat or warning to the offender if they are seen to possibly commit an offence upon them. For the threat to be perceived to be valid the individual must act on his threat, otherwise the credibility of the threat proves to be invalid. In other words the proposed victim threatens the attacker, as the attacker ignores the threat the victim must carry out the original threat made and impose it on the attacker. This theory differs greatly from the pure consequentialist theory of punishment as it is the individual who acts in self-defence before an offence upon them, and not the state in relation to an offence that has occurred after-wards. Farrells consideration of deterrence in this matter means that it acts more justifiably. Compared with the original deterrence concept, where there was no proportionality in relation to the crime committed and sentence received. The offender according to Farrell, essentially knows the outcome of his actions and can perceive the threat fully. By knowing what they will receive in committing the particular act, means that distributive justice is more apparent in this context. He shows us this by saying: self-defense is typically a matter of the distribution (or redistribution) of harm, or of the probability of harm, and hence that the justification of self-defense must at some level involve, even if only implicitly, an appeal to considerations of distributive justice6 This theory evidently makes the offender aware of the out-come and unlike the pure theory gives them a proportionate punishment. Another issue which this theory aims to rectify is that it tries to place the burden of evil on the offender. This new concept provides the offender to rethink his actions much more clearly. Crimes usually happen without any coherent thought. This provides the offender to be controlled in a way as he is made much more aware that there is a definite retaliation measure in force if they proceed with the offence. Before it was a matter for the criminal to be apprehended, as they would think that there is a chance they will not get caught. This on the other hand provides a definite course of action by the individual, making it clear that retaliation will take place by providing the threat. According to Farrell this places the burden of evil on the perpetrator making it less desirable to commit the offence. Ultimately Farrell does this by ensuring appropriate proportionality is sustained throughout the handing out of threats used. Maintaining a thorough degree of proportionality was the main problem in the pure theory of consequentialist punishment. Farrell sees to this by maintaining a balance of the threat used to keep the offender from committing the offence. He does this with the use of limits, in that a certain level of threat is used in proportion to the offence about to being occurred. He says: limit depends entirely on the contingent features of each case: as long as one does not threaten in order to deter the relevant harm, one has not threatened too much7 By this he means that in order to deter someone from committing a certain offence a certain degree of threat should be used in proportion to it. One cannot threaten someone who is about to steal for example with death as it will not be appropriate or proportionate. A justification of enforcing that threat also needs to be paid attention to as a threat not undertaken will lead the offender in thinking that the proposed victim is merely trying to call his bluff. Not enforcing a threat can mean continuous re-offending by the perpetrator who will just ignore all threats made and continue with their offence. An enforcement of a threat needs to be justified in the first instance, as a threat to take someones life if they try and kill you is a threat none the less. A failed attempt by the offender would mean carrying out the threat and the problem arisen here is if it is justified to carry out the threat. This poses a problem within this theory as self-defence would mean literally that, which you should defend yourself. By using a threat to deter an offender, in stating for example that you will kill him if he tries to kill you. This would mean that if the offender tries to kill you but fails, is it justifiable to proceed with your original threat of killing that individual. Here lies the problem of how far self-defence can proceed, in order to protect oneself, one may have to kill to preserve their life. Explained more coherently by Montague he provides: Aggressor is the only one who can prevent himself from being killed by victim, and he can do so only by killing victim; and aggressor can kill victim without killing anyone else8 Here the explanation is that the victim can fight back but the aggressor has no right in the first instance to cause harm to the victim. Thus going back to Farrells theory that in order for threats to prevail one must see to it that they uphold their threat and complete it. Farrells concept of an automated retaliation device only goes so far in causing as much harm as was intended by the offender to cause. This itself causes problems as to the extent of exercising an individuals power. It is impossible to assess limits imposed on an offender given to by an individual. The law cannot control the extent of harm that is going to be caused by the individual to the offender. If the individual carries on his threat in retaliation to an attack and kills, the question of whether or not he/she is liable to that particular offence arises. We can see that even though the pure consequentialist theory of punishment has its fair share of problems, theorists still find it hard to overcome this. By showing that rehabilitation has proven cumbersome in that it has failed to prevent offenders from re-offending. It has nonetheless tried to reform the individual without proving successful. Offenders are re-offending without taking heed to the fact that it is a form of punishment that should be taken more seriously. More external factors should be taken into account when trying to rehabilitate the offender as it is the persons social background as well as themselves that need to be paid attention to. From the deterrence point of view we have noted flaws in that system also. By handing out severe sentences there has been an increase in crime. As offenders tend to effectively weaken the system by taking advantage of the fact that others are handed out disproportionate sentences and they are not. There is an increase of what seems to be inhumane in relation to this. Rights of offenders are being infringed as they are not being treated fairly. Even though crime has been committed and sentencing has been passed it is not proportionate to their overall crime. Theorists have tried to overcome this issue by suggesting that alternative methods of deterrence should be used but this still does not address the complete issues and flaws within the system. By using forms of threats it is difficult to ascertain the level needed in proportion to deter an offender from offending. Farrell has tried to overcome the issue of deterrence. He has not done this successfully as more problems have arisen within his own theory. The problem of the amount of threat or warning that a person needs to convey cannot be justified fully, as the person also needs to carry out their threat. The use of a automated retaliation device theory in itself was trying to cover the problem of proportionate punishment. Farrell did accomplish this to the extent that there needed to be a proportion of punishment in relation to a crime committed. Punishing the offender no more than was necessary according to the crime, meant that proportionality was restored. This increased the other then problems of justifying the distribution of harm, which was a threat initially, meant that a person had to see it through. To conclude we can see that theories of consequentialism have failed to overcome the enduring problems created by the pure consequentialist theory of punishment. The problems of pure consequentialist theory have been in some aspects been able to be resolved by theorists. This has not meant that all of the theory has been resolved, there has now been an addition of more problems within the new theories themselves. The enforceability of deterring attackers and using a much more enhanced way of self-defence has meant that there could be a thin line between criminals and citizens. In that someones perception of an attack will be different for each individual. Some individuals will essentially take an offender (who in the future) attacking them, may perceive an assault to be one that requires the person to be put to death. In this example there is no real way to assess the amount of punishment which is sufficient to deter an attacker through the use of a threat.

30 Unprofessional Things You Should Never Say at Work

30 Unprofessional Things You Should Never Say at Work Being â€Å"professional† can feel a bit new at first. It takes some getting used to. Just like any other social arena, the working world has its own special set of rules. One of the cardinal ones is to speak and conduct oneself like a grown up. Here are 30 words and phrases you should never say at work. 1. I could list all the words here that you shouldn’t use, but that list would be too long. Bottom line: if it’s a curse word, keep it for home use.2. â€Å"We’ve always done it like†¦Ã¢â‚¬ If someone asks you to do something you aren’t accustomed to, or to do it in a different way, this is the last thing you should say. Save the constructive feedback for the review.3. â€Å"I’m not afraid to †¦.†A healthy degree of fear is not a bad thing. In fact, it’s best to have some fear and master it than to have had none at all.4. â€Å"Yes† (when you don’t mean it)It’s always better to say no than to dis miss someone with a ‘yes’ and then disrespect them by not delivering.5. â€Å"It’s important.†Convey the importance of a task or strategy in other ways. If you have to be obvious, you’ve already lost.6. â€Å"Are you upset?†This is almost as bad as â€Å"are you mad at me?† If you have to ask; you probably already know the answer.7. â€Å"Like†You’re not in middle school anymore. People will judge you for using â€Å"like† as sentence filler.8. â€Å"Literally†Same deal. Adverbs are best avoided anyway. And besides, this one is seriously overused.9. â€Å"I thought you were doing that.†Conveys confusion, that you don’t know what’s happening with your team. Also conveys that you’ll shirk any responsibility you can.10. â€Å"That’s impossible.†Might as well admit to being a quitter. Don’t shut down and limit your coworkers (or yourself) from coming up with creat ive solutions.11. â€Å"You misunderstood.†Don’t put the blame immediately on the other person. Try to find a better way to explain your original intent or meaning that doesn’t shirk responsibility for communication.12. â€Å"Sorry I was late†Just don’t be late. Respect your time and others’ time. Period. If you were really sorry, you wouldn’t have been late.13. â€Å"Because I’m in charge†You’ll just be resented for being heavy-footed. Convince people to follow your lead by example and by earning their regard.14. â€Å"Sorry†If you did something worthy of an apology; just fix it. Sorry isn’t enough. And if you’re just apologizing willy-nilly for anything and everything- stop. It makes you look weak an under-confident.15. â€Å"I’m bored.†You’re not bored. You’re boring. Show a little initiative and find something to do.16. â€Å"I’m busy.†Even if youà ¢â‚¬â„¢re too swamped to listen or to help out, find a better way to communicate this without sounding so self-centered.17. â€Å"Well I†¦.†Don’t one-up people. They hate it. A conversation isn’t just an opportunity to tell everyone how much better your stories are than theirs. Try listening for once. You’ll get your turn to shine.18. â€Å"That wasn’t my fault.†Even if it wasn’t. You look like a sell-out. Concentrate on how to fix the problem, not whose fault it is.19. â€Å"I can’t do all of this by myself.†Sure you can! And if you can’t, be sure it’s for the right reasons- not just that you’re feeling lazy. Asking for help in the right circumstances is always okay.20. GossipThat’s something that you need to leave in school. Professionals focus on work and more constructive social interactions.21. â€Å"Details, details.†This comment is flip and makes you look lazy and inattentiv e. Details are crucial.22. â€Å"I was just doing what I was told.†This is just trying to blame your superiors instead of your co-workers and it will almost never end well.23. â€Å"I have a brilliant plan.†Plans are one thing; execution is another. Execute your plan, then call it brilliant.24. â€Å"I’ll do that later.†Sorry. True professionals don’t procrastinate. Clear your to-do list as early and as often as you can.25. â€Å"I know better.†Even if you do, there is no reason to condescend. You’ll look like a jerk and an unprofessional one at that.26. Speak at an appropriate volume and enunciate your words. If no one can understand you, you’ll never get anywhere.27. â€Å"Wow that chick/dude is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ This is an office, not a club. Keep your outside-work observations to yourself.28. â€Å"That’s not going to happen.†There are ways to refuse or give a ‘no’ without being a condescending blowh ard. And without getting people to root against you.29. â€Å"I quit† (or â€Å"I’m done†)Spare us the drama. Prove that you can keep it cool- even when actually quitting.30. Even if you’re shy, you must speak up now and then. Otherwise people will forget you exist or they’ll make up a story to fill in the blanks. You’re much better off being open and up front.30 Phrases Unprofessional People Can’t Stop Saying At Work

Energy Policies of Barack Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Energy Policies of Barack Obama - Essay Example This paper will throw light upon the changes which will be brought in the energy policy once Obama occupies the post of the US President. The pros and cons of the energy policy will be comprehensively presented in the paper. The efficient management of energy is very essential for any county to grow. Non renewable energy like gas, oil etc once wasted cannot be reused again, considering this it becomes extremely important to utilize energy in a best possible way. Obama has proposed a plan under which the oil consumption by the US will be reduced to 35% and he aims to achieve this by 2030. This is a very good decision in order to reduce the excessive dependency of the US on Oil. Another major step will be to "Help create five million new jobs by strategically investing $150 billion over the next ten years to catalyze private efforts to build a clean energy future." (Barack Obama and Joe Biden, 21 October 2008). This is an excellent decision; the creation of new jobs will help a lot of Americans who are out of work. Within the next ten years Obama aims to save as much Oil as imported from countries like Venezuela and the countries in the Middle East. He aims at saving and wants to avoid misuse of energy wh ere ever possible.

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Statistics - Essay Example If a home has a pool is another factor in buying homes which should be well known to the selling agents. Nowadays, how aggressive one is while marketing the wares of the company he/she works for determines how the management of the company will view him/her. Marketing opportunities are there but only the go-getters are better placed to notice them. Various companies have come up with marketing strategies on how they will market their wares to the public in this world full of competitions and new innovations from time to time. In this regard, companies have resulted into employing what to them are the best personnel people who can take the company a notch higher and are either males of females. However, many companies employ females in their sales departments. This is so because, according to Learned, A (2006), females have a different communications approach than their male counterparts. Females are regarded to have a soft approach which convinces many to buy wares and recommend them to other people. In buying homes, many factors come into play. The number of bed rooms offers a challenge to any selling agent since customer need houses according to sizes which is determined by the number of bedrooms. This also is occasioned by the fact that, many families have more than one family member and are in dire need of more than 1 bedroom. According to Breen, R. & Goldthorpe, J.H. (1999), the aspect of diving people according to classes in one of the causes of the above phenomenon. Further, people are interested in what was used to construct the house. Fibros, single brick and double brick are some of the materials used in the constructions of houses. To Breen, R. & Goldthorpe, J.H. (1999), many people value double bricked house as according to them the aspect of security comes up. People feel secure when they live in a place which they perceive to be secure and where there is privacy. According to Carchedi, G. (1987), a research done on social

Tariffs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tariffs - Assignment Example Nevertheless, in some countries, tariff still counts much as source of government revenue. The government can also employ tariff as a measure to protect domestic industries. Sometimes global competition can harm the domestic industries which have not realized full economy of scale. Industrialized countries may have industry that can produce products at a low costs partly due to government subsidization. When those products are imported to a given country, they may bring unhealthy competition and make local industry collapse. In this regard, government may put trade barriers in terms of tariff duty to discourage importation of certain products and allow the growth of the local industry. As a matter of fact, a close examination of the tariff used by different countries has disclosed that, to a greater extent, the competitiveness of the industry is linked to the tariff imposed on the same products (WTO pp 1). When the states want to strike a balance between allowing imports and at the same time giving a chance for the local industries to grow, they use tariff quotas. Tariffs quotas work on the principle of assigning no or low duty to a given volume of goods imported and then charging higher rates to any imported goods above that limit. The World Trade Organization bans the idea of quantitative restrictions as a way of protecting local industries but it allows the system to be employed for this purpose. Lastly, punitive tariff can be used to remedy trade imbalance that results from measures used by other countries. For instance, Antidumping Agreement empowers states to use antidumping duties to rectify cases of proven dumping injurious situations. Equally, the Subsidies Agreement provides for other states to impose countervailing duties if an exporting country has subsidized its manufacturer (summer and Smith pp 4). Overall, tariff is an

How Is Water Scarcity Affecting Algeria Environmental Sciences Essay

How Is Water Scarcity Affecting Algeria Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, all over the world one from two people has no access to drinking water and one from two people does not benefit connection to a sewerage system. Blue Gold plays a vital role in global warming and other phenomenon that is increasingly importance and which poses a problem in the management of water resources. Water shortages exacerbated by climate change that affects all continents and over 40% of the world population is already affected by the problem. 1.1 billion People lack access to clean water to meet their daily basis needs. 2.6 billion People lack access to sanitation adequate. The daily drinking water is 2 to 4 litters per person. They valued at approximately 130 litters / day / person in rural areas and 350 litters / day /person in urban areas these needs include all uses related to the activity daily of the person. Algeria is a country in the semi-arid climate and is affected by the shortage. Its great urban population are under pressure, it becomes almost impossible to meet the demand. The constraints imposed by the water problems in Algeria hinder its development. Water resources are increasingly rare while the needs are increasing. Â  In Algerian cities, water is no longer supplied continuously (Bethemont J. 1991). Schedules of distribution of drinking water directly influence the satisfaction of demand water population. Demand is growing more and more time and requires proportional growth in supply, this needs is rarely achieved. While the mobilization of water resources has never stopped growing, but this growth is insufficient and less than demand, resulting in a gap between the amounts requested and the volume delivered through the water. Oran, the second city in Algeria (western of Algeria) has annual rainfall very low, the location and climate has affected the type of crops suitable for region with the advent of independence of Algeria, decisions policies have unbalanced the existing micro-climate. The uprooting of vines and change the countrys agricultural policies have resulted in an exacerbation of the arid climate. Everyone is in fear of days without rain. 1-Brief about Oran Oran is the second largest city of Algeria (from 48 provinces which called wilaya) and one of the largest in the Maghreb. Oran has preserved its identity while soaking up the influence of its successive occupants. It is a port city on the Mediterranean, north-western Algeria, and the chief town of the wilaya of the same name bordering the Gulf of Oran. It is Located 432 km west from the capital Algiers, the municipality had 685 000 inhabitants in 2007, while the town had about 1 235 000, it has a population of approximately 2 million inhabitants. The city is an economic and academic importance Oran has a Mediterranean climate marked by a classic summer drought. During the summer months, rainfall becomes scarce or nonexistent, and the sky is bright and clear. The subtropical anticyclone covers the area from Oran for nearly four months. However the region is well watered during the winter. Low precipitation (294mm rainfall) and frequency (72.9 days per year) are also characteristic of this climate. On the eve of the French colonization, there were only 18 000 inhabitants in Oran and its suburbs. Although during his good times, the city does not seem to have attracted over 30 000 inhabitants, the population of Oran double that figure only 50 years after the French arrived. Less than 70 years after the beginning of colonization, Oran passes 100 000 people to become the fifth French city. In the early twenty-first century, it has become one of the major cities of the Maghreb and approaches regularly by 1 000 000 Intramural people. After the Evian agreements and the independence, Europes population abandoned the city. Half of Oran finds deserted homes left empty are quickly reinvested after independence. 2-Statement of the Issue/Problem The demand for water needed for the promotion of industry and population use keeps increasing. Therefore, this situation caused by a lack of a strategy for water resources management resulted in the loss and waste of water resources. This has become critical as it hinders and blocks the development of the countrys economy. In the city of Oran, water management poses a difficult problem for the authorities. The resources which are available are less than those which are required. The outdated fashion of water conveyance and insufficient storage capacity hinder the correct distribution of water to the consumers. The daily quota per inhabitant remains small in comparison with international norms. The water management is not efficient Oran has in the past three decades an explosion worrying population, because not prepared to handle this influx of population. This situation resulting from two main reasons: Rural depopulation safe. Rural economic exodus Population of the town of Oran from 1980 to 2010 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 527000 604000 647000 675000 706000 765000 852000 RESOURCE: ministry of internal affairs -Algeria This led to an exacerbation of socio-economic (housing, drinking water) and Public Health (access to care). The city of Oran always had a deficit in water resources and the deficit has increased exponentially with the disproportionate increase in the population. The curves of the evolution of Rainfall averages 14 years (1993 = 435.15 mm 2007 mm = 251.2) show the deficit, which is correlated to the temperature rise. Configuration geographic region of Oran (plain) has disrupted its water policy, since it has no reserves of its own. The city has always been dependent on other provinces (Tlemcen, Mostaganem, Chlef) for its needs water. Proportion of distribution of water potable in the city of Oran % RESOURCE: ministry of water resources-Algeria According to the ministry of water resources statistic (2007) there are only 27 percent of inhabitants receive the water potable every day, while 21 percent receive it every two days, and more than 50 percent of inhabitants do not receive water drinking regularly, 24 percent of them receive it each three days and 17 percent receive it each four days, while the others 11 percent cannot access to the water drinking less than 4 days. the water strategy was depending mainly on rainfall, while The quantities needed by the population have continued decline in recent years in Oran, because of the disproportionate between the needs and the demands, the population have increased year after year while the resources have decreased (1993 = 435.15 mm 2007 mm = 251.2) and this causes drought phenomenon which may lead to the lake of water drinking. Resource: ministry of agriculture and irrigation The department of irrigation in Oran consider the needs of the city from drinking water per day around 320 000 cubic meters, while the amount currently produced and directed to distribute is approximately 200 000 cubic meters per day. This critical situation creates the re-emergence of diseases previously under control, such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, viral hepatitis A and E and fever Parasitic diseases are not left behind and make a resurgence worries health services (malaria, schistosomiasis, and leishmaniasis) 2-The local government policy of water potable in Oran: The main objective of the state water policy consists on providing sufficient potable water for the population supply. This objective was undertaken by increasing the water resources and availability. The local authority has put into action a wide programme taking into consideration several tasks, as: 2- 1-Increase rainfall collect capacity (dams construction): Since the local government policy was depending largely on the rainfall, the government has tried to exploit this resource by increasing their capacity of storage by building new dams, such as BENI BAHDEL dam. Its volume is 63 million cubic meters of water. To reach the city of Oran, the services of the hydraulic build some 170 kilometres of pipelines. The work has continued for ten years. The construction of dams will result in a substantial reduction of the impacts, namely landscape change. Construction of a rock fill dam would indeed require the extraction of quarry from the near sites can Produce 4.82 million cubic aggregates for the construction of the dam. 2-2 Implement new way of management: The local government have tried to implement the resolutions; to ease conflicts between the regions in urban and rural water development by adopting agricultural approaches more effective, such as the use of irrigation technology consumes less water, and the development of agricultural production programs saving water. (Such as olive, etc) 2- 3-Depending to other province: to secure the needs of the city from drinking water, the local government follow a policy that aim to achieve their inhabitants need from the potable water by bring it from the neighbour provinces such as Mostaganem, Tlemcen, Chlef etc, these provinces have additional resources of water 2-4- Restore cities water distribution facilities: the local government have tried to restore the network of water distribution; one of the major reasons that cause the water potable deficit is the incompetence of this network which causes sometimes the waste and misuse of water. 2-5 National water Law (revised in 1996 under law No. 96-13). This Code includes several articles related to wastewater discharge, pollution abatement, the Protection and preservation of water bodies and wastewater reuse for agricultural and Industrial purpose 3-The alternative policies: Although the effort that have been made and the actions that have been taken by the local government but the problem is still exist, the inhabitants still find a difficult to access to the water potable, and this may refer to the policies that have been implemented by the government to deal with this problem, however there are others policies could be more effective to solve this issue, this policies could be described as follow: 3-1Seawater Desalination: To overcome the lack of water and cope with ever-growing needs, given the population growth potable water, the local government could think about the desalination of seawater, as an alternative solution to deal with the drinking water problem, it could opt for seawater desalination especially since this solution is not dependent on weather. reverse osmosis units must install for the next years to produce a total capacity of 57.500 m3 per day, this quantity could help to ease the problem by providing a certain pert of the city needs, while the cost of creating a desalination unit is approximately 30 million dollar, comparing with the cost of transferring water from the other province 6000 billion dinner= 1 billion dollar, seem very sheep Seawater desalination could be regarded as a strategic option to secure the population needs of water supply. An ambitious program is actually undertaken to equip other province (the capital Algiers) by seawater desalination plants ranging from 50 000 to 200 000 m3 per day 3-2 Exploit of Ground water: A lot of water experts indicates that ground water resources in Algeria are estimated at 43 trillion cubic meters, 4 000 billion are used each year, more than 5 trillion are located in the north east (Oran in other province). This resources could be exploited and contribute in resolving water problem. Though the consumption of individuals varies between 100 m3 and 5000 m3 per year and that Algeria is ranked among the poorest countries in this context, with less than 700 cubic meters. They state that water resources are abundant in Oran region but not exploited, and that one in six of the world, finds it difficult to have regular or even periodically water to resolve this problem. International reports reveal, in the same context that Algeria suffers from a lack in water, and water experts indicate that the average consumer in the region reached 500 cubic meters per year, warning against the emergence of serious crisis in 15 years. 4- Recommendation: according to the alternative policies that have been mentioned above, and regarding to the resources that are available the recommendation in this issue can be addressed as follow: 1- The Oran local government decision-makers have relied on rainfall as a resource of the drinking water, they must move towards a policy of mobilizing non-conventional water resources. The operation has already been launched across other parts of the country and it achieves the success, and may it will become the solution for the town water crisis, where the lack of clean water is increasingly felt, and the aim of this policy is to double the current daily capacity. 2-All the water experts agree on the need to change the content specific policy of water. The management of water must be transformed todays sustainable management of water and this change in shape implies beyond political expediency, a substantive change. For the policies implemented so far follow the logic of engineering domestication of natural water resources and adapt, often offering for application. However, we cannot also forget that water is a scarce resource in the time and space, which requires taking into account the needs of management, and social and environmental practices of water 3- The local government decision-makers and planners cannot simply ask the technicians to try and mobilize the water as it was practiced and is still far, but they must focus on identifying strategies to shape a more careful management of local resources and at the same time doubling efforts to control population growth. To achieve this; companies, governments and civil society must work hand in hand to reconcile three worlds that have long ignored: Economy, ecology and social. In the long term, there will be no development possible if it is not economically efficient, socially equitable and ecologically tolerable. 4- The local decision-makers should implement new polices that not rely mainly on rainfall, they should address the alternative policies that cost less and more efficient such as seawater desalination, it could be more effective to resolve the crisis of potable water with very less cost comparing to other chooses, establishing a unit of seawater desalination with capability of daily production 60 000 cubic meters does not cost more than 30 million dollar, while transferring water from other province could cost around 1 billion dollar. Conclusion: In Algeria, even when not taking global climatic change into account, water scarcity is an important problem with acuity in many areas of the country. Since the seventies, dryness prevails in an intense and persistent way. The impact on the water resource already appeared through, the reduction in the rivers flow, the low level of filling dams and the global fall of the piezometric level of the principal country aquifers. In the future, the current deficits of the water resources will increase. This will lead to obvious problems of management and strategy to ensure a durable development for the country.

Cloning: The Ethical Dilemma :: Biology

Cloning: The Ethical Dilemma Following the successful cloning of a lamb to produce Dolly, a genetically identical twin of its mother lamb, controversy has arose over the frightening prospects of cloning technology. Although undeniable that the ability to clone livestock and even humans is a leap in medical advancement, such technology must be utilized with careful considerations to the issue of ethics. There are many obvious advantages of cloning technology which comes to mind with the successful cloning of Dolly. Of most immediate concern will be the ability to clone a variety of animal species for food, research and medical uses. For instance, farmers can now opt to farm only genetically cloned, top quality animals. Another possibility can be the mass cloning of animals with genetic defects that mimic human diseases. This will facilitate large-scale scientific research of such diseases. Cloning also raises the possibility of producing transgenic animals, which can help alleviate human organ shortage by providing organs for transplant. There are still many more opportunities resulting from cloning that cannot be discussed here due to the brevity of this essay. Judging by the many advantages of cloning, should we then jump into this new technology without further hesitation? There are ethical issues that must be carefully considered. For instance, is it right for us to turn to human farming to provide suitable organs for transplants? Are we not infringing on the rights of these human clones? Or do we not even consider them to be in the same class as us? What about the possibility of having designer babies? Would not it be perfect if we are able to select babies the way we buy our groceries, selecting those without inherent flaws? What about those who cannot afford to have their babies made to order? Will their children be subject to discrimination simply because they are less than perfect? Other than ethic issues alone, there are medical issues to take into consideration as well. Cloning technology is still in its infancy and as yet, long term effects of cloning are still unpredictable. Should we then go ahead with mass cloning when we are still groping in the dark as to its future consequences? There is a need for us to view cloning research in the right perspective. As with any other medical research, it can be a double-edged sword if exploited in the wrong manner.

Democracy and Technology Essay

While technologies such as the use of internet and e-democracy have made the dissemination of ideas quicker, they have also resulted in the increase in a group’s power to manipulate general opinion. The technologies aiding democracy today, such as computers, satellites, radio, telephones and television have undeniably changed the face of modern democracy. What constitute positive spill outs of these technologies for democracy also in some cases have a detrimental effect on it. While it increases the reach among people and nations, enriching both formal and business communication, it also provides these opportunities to fundamentalists to create rumours and channels individuals or a group of people against democracy. However a little caution such as verifying the news from multiple sources will easily reveal these elements and thus the negative influence of misleading a large group of rational individuals can be easily curtailed. The rise in literacy level and the positive trend of e-democracy deepens the process of democracy and empowers the individuals not only to have a say in the election of their government as earlier, but also empowers the citizens to have greater say in the decision making process of the government. With increasing literacy levels, as the citizens become more aware of the power of technology, they will find it easier to organise themselves for pressing on social, economic and political reforms from the government at helm thus ushering a truly democratic era where the citizens role is not only limited to electing their representatives but also to correct them if they are being found negligent in fulfilling their duties. However for this to happen in the future, it should be ensured that technology and their benefits are not limited to a select few in the upper echelons of society and that they are made available to those at the lowest level for complete integration of the masses to the democracy. References Allison, Juliann Emmons. (2002). Technology, development, and democracy. SUNY Press.

The Two Types of Titans in Greek Mythology

The Two Types of Titans in Greek Mythology Often counted among the gods and goddesses, there are two main groups of titans in Greek mythology. They come from different generations. The second generation is probably the one youre familiar with. They are depicted as humanoid, even if giant. The earlier ones are even bigger - as large as is visible to the naked eye - so its no wonder titanic signifies exceptional size. This page introduces both, provides mates, and spheres of influence. First Generation Titans of Greek Mythology The titans in the first generation are the aunts, uncles, and parents of Zeus and company - the well-known Olympian gods and goddesses). These titans are the 12 children of the primordial personifications of the earth (Gaia) and the sky (Uranus). (Now do you see why I said the titans were really big?) Female titans may sometimes be distinguished from their brothers as titanides. This isnt perfect, though, since there is a Greek ending on this term that should be reserved for the children of the titans rather than female version of the same. Here are the names and areas of first generation titans: Oceanus [Okeanos] - the ocean(father of nymphs)Coeus [Koios and Polos] - questioning(father of Leto Asteria)Crius [Krios, probably Megamedes the great lord [source: Theoi]](father of Pallas, Astraeus, and Perses)Hyperion - light(father of sun-god, moon, dawn)Iapetus [Iapetos](father of Prometheus, Atlas, and Epimetheus)Cronus [Kronos] (aka Saturn)Thea [Theia] - sight(Hyperions mate)Rhea [Rheia](Cronus and Rhea were the parents of the Olympian gods and goddesses)Themis - justice and order(Zeus second consort, mother of the Hours, Fates)Mnemosyne - memory(mated with Zeus to produce the Muses)Phoebe - oracle, intellect [source: Theoi(Coeus mate)Tethys(Oceans mate) The titans Cronus (#6 above) and Rhea (#8) are the parents of Zeus and the other Olympian gods and goddesses.​ Besides the Olympian gods and goddesses, the titans produced other offspring, mating with either other titans or other creatures. These offspring are also called titans, but theyre the titans of the second generation. Second Generation Titans of Greek Mythology Some of the children of the first generation titans are also referred to as titans. The major second generation titans are: AsteriaAstraea (Dike)AstraeusAtlasEos (Dawn)Eosphorus (or Hesperus)Epimetheus (see Pandoras Box)HeliusLetoMenoetiusPallasPersesPrometheusSelene As for most aspects of mythology, Carlos Parada has an excellent page on the titans. Also Known As: Ouranià ´nes, Ouranidai Examples Dione, Phorcys, Anytus, and Demeter are sometimes added to the list of 12 titans: Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Cronus, Thea, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys. Youll find titans in the following stories: The castration of Ouranos,The creation of man,The fight with the gods, known as the Titanomachy, but often mixed up with the story of the gods battle with the giants, andThe imprisonment of the titans in Tartarus.

Characteristics of Giant Silkworm Moths and Royal Moths

Characteristics of Giant Silkworm Moths and Royal Moths Even people with no particular love of insects find the giant moths (and caterpillars) of the family Saturniidae fascinating. The name is thought to refer to the large eyespots found on the wings of some species. The eyespots contain concentric rings, reminiscent of the planet Saturns rings. These showy moths are easy to rear in captivity if you can find enough foliage to keep their very hungry caterpillars fed. Physical Characteristics Among the Saturniids, we find the largest moth species in North America: the luna moth, the cecropia moth, the polyphemus moth, the imperial moth, the io moth, the Promethea moth, and the royal walnut moth. The cecropia moth is a giant among giants, with the longest wingspan- a remarkable 5-7 inches- of all. Some Saturniids may seem dwarf-like compared to their gigantic cousins, but even the smallest of the wild silkworm moths measures a respectable 2.5 cm in wide. Giant silkworm moths and royal moths are often brightly colored, which may mislead first-time observers to refer to them as butterflies. Like most moths, however, Saturniids hold their wings flat against their bodies when at rest, and usually have stout, hairy bodies. They also bear feathery antennae (often bi-pectinate in form, but sometimes quadri-pectinate), which are quite conspicuous in males. Saturniid caterpillars are hefty, and often covered with spines or protuberances. These tubercles give the caterpillar a threatening look, but in most cases, theyre quite harmless. Do beware of the io moth caterpillar, though. Its branched spines pack a painful dose of venom and will inflict a long-lasting sting. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaClass: InsectaOrder: LepidopteraFamily: Saturniidae Diet Adult silkworm and royal moths dont feed at all, and most have only vestigial mouthparts. Their larvae, however, are a different story. The largest caterpillars in this group can exceed 5 inches in length in their final instar, so you can imagine how much they eat. Many feed on common trees and shrubs, including hickories, walnuts, sweetgum, and sumac; some can cause significant defoliation. Life Cycle All giant silkworm moths and royal moths undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. In the Saturniids, an adult female may lay several hundred eggs during her brief lifetime, but perhaps only 1% will survive to their own adulthood. This family overwinters in the pupal stage, often in silken cocoons joined to twigs or nestled in a protective envelope of leaves. Special Adaptations and Behaviors Female Saturniid moths invite males to mate by releasing a sex pheromone from a special gland at the end of their abdomens. The male moths are renowned for their determination and unwavering focus on the task of locating the receptive female. They have a keen sense of smell, thanks to their feathery antennae brimming with sensilla. Once a male giant silkworm moth catches a whiff of a females scent, he will not be deterred by foul weather, nor does he let physical obstacles impede his progress. A Promethea moth male holds the long-distance record for following a females pheromones. He flew an incredible 23 miles to find his mate! Home Range References vary greatly in their accounting of how many Saturniid species live worldwide, but most authors seem to accept a number in the range of 1200-1500 species. About 70 species inhabit North America. Sources Family Saturniidae - Giant Silkworm and Royal Moths, Bugguide.net. Accessed January 10, 2013.Saturniidae, Butterflies and Moths of North America. Accessed January 10, 2013.Saturniid Moths, University of Kentucky Entomology. Accessed January 10, 2013.The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada, by Paul M. Tuskes, James P. Tuttle, and Michael M. Collins.

Liberal Art Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Liberal Art Studies - Essay Example This may include seeking new opportunities that are more fitting to the individual person and are able to make that individual more fulfilled as a person. After years of living his life according to the carnal pleasures of the body, Augustine felt there must be something more to life than the way he was living it. He thus began a quest for a more fulfilling life. Similarly, a more fulfilling career should always be the goal of the professional. A better career often requires difficult changes, but a professional should be willing to make those changes in order to realize a better life. In addition to benefiting the individual, a more fulfilled person is better able to improve society as a whole. A modern professional’s career journey is similar to the spiritual journey of Augustine. A career does not always go according to plan. There are difficult problems to work through in nearly every job. There are also times when it is better for an individual to move on from a current j ob and obtain a better, more fulfilling job. Like a spiritual journey, a professional is confronted with difficult situations which are often unpleasant. These situations often lead to changes and, although difficult, they can lead a professional to a better path in which they are able to grow as an individual as well as a professional.

The Department of Corrections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Department of Corrections - Assignment Example This disparity could be attributed to the Supreme Court’s ruling in 2012 that ruled out US states from expanding Medicaid eligibility, which has led to a significant drop in the number of states adopting the Medicaid expansion. Moreover, even after the Federal Government gave consent to pay 100% Medicaid expansion costs for the initial three years and 90% thereafter, just 26 of the US’s 50 states have preferred to expand Medicaid (Rice et al, 2014). Such reluctance has left almost half of the eligible US residents with no Medicaid coverage. Another evident challenge is the increase in Medicare expenditure, 3 years after the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) enactment. A few months after the inauguration of the 2010 ACA Act, expenditure indicated low levels perhaps due to Medicare payment cuts, reduced hospital readmission and growth of responsible care centers. However, there has been a rebound in the Medical Department expenditures due to the introduction of blockbuster drugs; thus, continually resulting in high spending. Similarly, it is increasingly becoming difficult to control costs as physicians and hospitals merge to augment their market in negotiations with major insurers (Rice et al, 2014). That notwithstanding, strong, and resolute opposition that has always come against major Medicare policies and plans in the US poses a lot of challenges. For instance, immediately after the ACA came into effect, opposition from Republican Party within the House of Representatives, voted persistently for the Act’s abolishment over 40 times. Consequently, out of 1507 national representative polled in 2014, only 37% were for the ACA whereas 53% were against it (Rice et al., 2014). Thus, this lack of political will has led to many residents being against Medicare proposals. Apparently the background of the challenges facing the Medicare department in the US is due to a series of poor plans and policies that