International Resort and Spa Mangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Resort and Spa Mangement - Essay Example On one hand, they interact with the customers and getting the information from an external environment. On the other hands, Boundary Spanners are also the communicate stage between management team and customers. So the company has to achieve and motivate them to get the effective performance. The Boundary spanning individuals develop partnerships and collaboration though building sustainable relationship, seeking to understand the motives, responsibilities and roles and also managing through influence and negotiation. For the organizations, they will create the strategic alliances, to join working arrangement and partnerships of collaboration to pass the organizational boundaries. (Williams, 2002) As the theory from Kurt Lwin and his associates at the University of Lowa (1938), they mention about the different style and level of empowerment to the staff such as Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire. It verifies the important of employee to be empowered and how it provides a higher quality work with participative leadership. (Cherry, 2014) The empowerment in management is needed, it provide the area and stage for the employee to make a decision and critical think the best way to finish the job, it improve work and staff quality. In the hotel industry, one of the best examples of a successful business with empowerment in management is Ritz-Carlton. The Ritz-Carlton was the best employer again in 2013 because the company always trusts and says, â€Å"This award identifies the valuable contribution each person makes to our business on a daily occasion. We pursue to build a culture that stands up to our credo and where each principles of trust are applied, respect, honesty, veracity to exploit the talent to the advantage of each person and the company.† (Ritz-Carlton, 2013) The company respects and trusts the employee’s opinions and offers them the empowerment to make a decision during interact with customers. It brings up the positive effect for

European colonialism in the Gulf Region Essay Example for Free

European colonialism in the Gulf Region Essay It is recognized that the first resistance was the betrayal of pan-Arab nationalistic aspirations in order to spare western economic and political interests. It was in the year 1917, when the Ottomans allied themselves with the Germans against the French and British empires. In what Antonios (1938/1946). This was known as the â€Å"Arab Awakening, where there is a description of how Shareef Hussein of Mecca, allied themselves with the British and the French. They were also found revolting against the Ottomans. Similarly, they also helped put an end to a rule that continued for more than four centuries. This understanding was based on a treaty between Arabs and the Allies. This was a British promise made to Shareef Hussein a pan-Arab Meccan leader – where the Arabs were seen as a sovereign nation on the ruins of the Ottoman empire. Returning the gesture for this promise, the Arabs revolted against the Ottoman empire which has fallen under the control of the Young Turks. However, the Europeans had another agenda that they wanted to implement. They apparently had other plans for the region. had other plans for the region. Author Said (1993) notes that, the Arabs after liberating themselves from the Ottomans in 1917 and 1918, took British promises for independence as the literal truth(Said, 1993, p. 247). Antonios (1938/1946) describes what happened at the San Remo conference where British and French leaders changed the geography of the region: Whatever else may be said of the San Remo decisions [of spring 1920, in which the whole of the Arab Rectangle lying between the Mediterranean and the Persian frontier was to be placed under mandatory rule], they [allies meeting in San Remo] did violate the general principles proclaimed and the specific promises made by the Allies, and more particularly by Britain. The purport of the pledges given in secret is now known: with that the Arabs had come into the War and made their contribution and their sacrifices, and that fact alone sufficed to turn the corresponding obligation into a debt of honor. What the San Remo did was, in effect, to ignore the debt and come to decisions which, on all the essential points, an counter to the wishes of the peoples concerned (305-6). It was this San Remo agreement between the British and the French that placed the Arabs under their rule. This was to the cornerstone of the animosity between the two. This encouraged the British and thus the Arab-Israeli conflict happened for 65 years (Hourani, 1991). The British leaders also gave promises to the Arab leaders which became known as the Balfour Declaration. This gave Zionists the promise of having a home in Palestine. This betrayal by the West was sown deeply in the hearts of the Arabs. Thus, at the heart of the Arab nationalism is a story of betrayal and bitter disappointment. (Said 1981). Colonialism was no longer called as that. It came to be known as colonialism and more betrayal came as the Arabs were betrayed when a sudden control of Arabs by Muslim non-Arab Ottomans was replaced by the non-Muslim Europeans. The seriousness of this situation was enhanced by the fact that Arab activists were misled into helping assisting the Europeans in their own adoption of colonial rule. The British and French colonialists suppressed national movements within the olonized nations, silenced voices for national independence and self-determination and installed local puppet leaders to help suppress Arab populations in the newly created states. Colonialism is the act of one political state in influencing and exercising its power on a weaker nation, continuing to control its resources and the citizens of that country. In fact, it became a practice that extended far and wide by the powerful European states during the later half of the nineteenth century and most of these colonies were eventually granted its independence. However, the powerful nations exerted its influence as it created lasting impact on former colonies. Colonialism helped shape the world today. (Colonialism). Approximately 20 percent oil exports of the Persian Gulf pass through the port of Rotterdam, there is an awareness that the Dutch will have their economic importance in insuring that there will be a smooth flow of navigation through the waterway. Meanwhile, in Brussels, Prime Minister Wilfried Martens announced that Belgium will send two minesweepers and a support ship to the gulf. These ships will operate south and east of Qatar under British protection. This mission will last for four and a half months (Markham). The mission of the other frigates will be to protect Italian ships after a grenade attack happened on an Italian merchant ship. This was however, not a welcome move as the flotilla was sent â€Å"without enthusiasm. † Their contention is that there is no one who looks forward any military action in Italy. But the Goria government was obliged not only because of its European allies but also because of the demands from the socialist leader and former prime minister, Bettino Craxi. (Markham). Meanwhile, in Paris, Defense Minister Andre Giraud revealed that three minesweepers went to France on Aug. 17 with a support vessel that operated in the gulf of Oman. The minesweepers were dispatched on Aug. 11 and the French officials said they would be confined at Gulf of Aden, which is some 1,000 miles southwest of the Persian Gulf region. A French fleet at the Djibouti rarely penetrates the Persian Gulf and does not accompany French ships through the waterway. Military was not the only factor that influenced France to send its minesweepers to its fleet. Frances decision to add minesweepers to its fleet was not prompted solely by military considerations. It is considered that France and Iran have been at odds over an Iranian diplomat who had some knowledge about terrorism. It was on July 17 when France broke diplomatic relations with Iran, even as nine French diplomats are still hostages in the embassy in Teheran. (Markham). As one looks at the present European colonialism, it is worthwhile to examine the history of the European colonists in the past. The changes in European society began with a series of religious wars called the Crusades. From 1095 to about 1300, European Christians fought Muslims, people who believed in the religion of Islam. Christian fought to gain control of Jerusalem and other areas they believed were holy. The Crusades took Europeans to the Mediterranean area, northeast Africa, and southwest Asia. There they discovered Italian and Arab merchants in control of busy trade centers. These merchants traded spices, fine silks and gems from India, China and Japan. Word of these riches excited Europeans and they dreamed of trading with Asia themselves. Besides dreams of riches, Europeans had other reasons for wanting to open routes to Asia and Africa. They saw exploration as a way to spread Christianity. The Crusades had not won Jerusalem from the Muslims. However, Europeans had not lost their crusading spirit. They were certain that Christianity was the only true religion. Therefore, they believed it was their duty to convert all non-Christians to Christianity. With the spread of Islam in the seventh century AD, the Arab world came into the limelight. Soon enough, the Arabic language became the main communication of the Arabs who shared a sense of kinship with history. This paper looks into six Gulf States and the possibilities/risks/benefits that a Western company faces as it projects doing business in the Gulf regions. These nations include Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Oman. It will first analyze what a company needs to know before doing business in that region. To gauge this needs an overview of the region’s culture, government and society. Providing a framework of reference, the researcher will then delve into the possible risks that the company may face as well as its benefits. From there, the researcher hopes to identify which region is the most risky and most beneficial to enter into a business venture. Interspersed along the way are examples of companies who have already done business in the region so that the reader is afforded data on actual company experiences. (Doing Business in Qatar). The first oil discovery in Qatar occurred in 1939, which gave Qatar a per capita GDP equal to that of some West European industrialized nations. When this happened, there was a change in control and wealth into Qatar. The introduction of different policies in pricing showed the economic value of oil. Thus began the continuous flow of wealth into this small Kingdom. And what is unique to Qatar is that it is not only from oil but more recently from the massive natural gas reserves that is presently under development (Doing Business in Qatar). We are talking here of recoverable oil reserves of 15 to 23 billion barrels and natural gas reserves estimated to exceed 900 trillion cubic feet. And to think that a country that holds this wealth possess a population of less than a million people of whom just over 200,000 are Qatari citizens. Considering a small region, Qatar is also an excellent start-up market. Its social infrastructure and physical speed of development offer attractive prospects for countries interested in establishing its business in a great potential area. One can just imagine the immensity of its oil reserves when it is revealed that Qatar today holds oil and gas reserves that should last another 300 years. Qatar’s recent development has been closely aligned to the rise and fall of international oil prices This is because oil production represents about 85% of the country’s total income, 55% of its GDP and 70% of the government revenues. † (Doing Business in Qatar). During the Middle Ages, the Muslim countries of the Middle East had exerted its control of the East-West trade. But this dramatically changed in the fifteenth century. The Portuguese were able to make long journeys because they possessed hips with deep hulls that stood stable in high seas. They were able to go longer than the usual routes and = down the west coast of Africa until they found their way around the southern tip of the continent making contact with Muslim cities. Also in the East Africa, the Portuguese were able to get Arab navigators to take them across to India, where they settled themselves in Calicut on the Malabar Coast in the southwestern part of the country. (The Age of Colonialism. Qatar). Today, considered by many as interconnected with colonialism or as the new form of imperialism, globalisation pertains to â€Å"a process of increasing integration between units around the world. This definition encompasses nation-states, corporations, households, and other organizations. The concept of globalisation emerged from three forces for development, to wit: (1) the role of human migration, (2) international trade, and (3) rapid movements of capital and integration of financial markets (Wikipedia 2007). Cheung, citing an OECD paper, explained globalisation as follows: †¦ a shift from a world of distinct national economies to a global economy in which production is internationalized and financial capital flows freely nd instantly between countries and driven by the information revolution that has helped overcome national barriers so that even the framework of social policies affecting individual citizens is becoming more sensitive to international influences, including the global new media (as cited in Cheung 1997, p. 437). Written by John A. Hobson in 1902, imperialism is considered as a political-economic discourse. Essentially, this claimed that the quest for imperial expansion is motivated by explorations for new investment opportunities and markets from coast-to-coast. For Hobson, the â€Å"taproot of imperialism† is found in industrial oligarchy and not in nationalistic pride. He further averred that imperialism, in a capitalist society, â€Å"is a result of the maldistribution of wealth that created a desire to spread markets in search of profit† (Wikipedia 2007). Looking at the history of the western influence and the continuous political decisions of the West in Arab countries during the past century, it can be gleaned that this has set the stage for more tensions and distrust of the West by the Arab people. Many Arab national movements had adopted an anti-western political speech. The interests of the West have not jibed with that of the Gulf regions. (Alkadry). In the post-colonial period, the confrontation with the Arab with Europe was transformed into a confrontation between the Arabs and the United States. It was said that the Arabs in the post-colonial era were in one of three camps: â€Å"repressive regimes friendly to the United States, repressive regimes not friendly to the United States, and occupying regimes that are sustained economically and militarily by the United States. †

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun :: essays research papers

A Raisin in the Sun is a classic tragedy. Through struggle the Younger’s all experience some hardship in learning the value of money and equality. I will have to say that the play was very interesting yet hard to watch. My first impression was that the stage was slanted. I’m still not sure why the stage was slanted and would love to ask the director of why it was slanted. Secondly, the actors were very hard to hear due to their soft speaking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the play I received two major underlying messages. First was from Mama’s plant. This plant symbolized all that the Younger family was; a half alive plant that is growing in all direction waiting for the spring to bloom. This is the perfect description of the Younger’s. The family is struggling with what to do with the insurance check and finally realize that by equality they will bloom into what they truly desire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly I saw that the Younger’s are a family of routine. It seems that each member is caught in their own struggle and can’t break the cycle they are caught in. It is not until someone makes a sacrifice that the family is able to flourish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lighting made a favorable impression. The blue at the beginning sets the â€Å"blue† mood that wonders over most of the family. The soft white that lights the house for the rest of the play was perfect since the family has a dim mood cast over them. As far as overall lighting scheme goes I would give the play a solid A.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My next impression came from the props in the house. The bed, couch, and chair were all but falling apart. There was no doubt that the family had little as far as possession but what they had they were proud of. They were not a family of pride but they took joy in what they had worked hard for. I was given a feeling of a family struggling to make it in the world but determined to reach the top of the mountain. Overall I would give the props a B   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The costumes of the actors also made an impact. Walter Lee was always wearing formal, expensive looking clothing. His clothes went along with his ambitions of wealth and high rank. Mama’s clothes were always simply and barley of higher quality than rags. These clothes also go a long way to represent those philosophies that she lived by.

Macbeth-How Was the Witches Ported in Polanskis Movies and Shakespeare’s Book

Choose one principal character in the Shakespeare play you have studied compare the presentation of your chosen character in the play with the presentation of the same character in an adaptation of the play . Use examples from both the play and adaptation in your response. The Character I have chosen are the Witches . The witches have a big effect in the play, not only are they evil, but this is emphasized by the hate against witches and witchcraft in Elizabethan times. In the book the witches are first portrayed as scary and dangerous because of the surroundings thunder and lightning on a moor is an evil image: we associate thunder and lightning with scary and dangerous things, also the moor is a very lonely place. One of the witches asks the other witches â€Å"when shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightnig or in rain† By the witch asking this it makes the reader think why would they want to meet in dangerous weather, maybe they witches like the scary weather. The Witches language is also very evil and powerful. â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair; hover through the fog and filthy air† This quote tells me that the Witches have a hatred for anything good, and their love for things good. Shakespeare could have used internal rhyme to emphasise the evilness. When Macbeth meets the witches at first they greet him as â€Å"Thee thane of Cawdor† and even more as †That shalt be king† This shows that the witches are not normal human creatures because they could be suggesting that they can see into the future. In Polanski’s movie the witches are first seen on the beach burying a hand, a rope and a dagger these items could be representing Macbeth’s future. The hand could represent the witches forcing Macbeths hand. A rope because the Thane of Cawdor was hanged. Finally the dagger because Macbeth stabs Banquo and king Duncan. Macbeth also see’s Banquos ghost carrying a dagger. Also in the movie the witches are portrayed as ugly and are dressed poorly, this could mean that they don’t care about they’re appearance. Overall the witches might not be all evil because they never lied to Macbeth, they just gave half truths.

Curriculum Leaders In Higher Education Education Essay

1998 Census reported high per centum of adult females population and literacy rate ( 48 and 27 % ) ( Population Census Organization, 2009and MOE, 2009 ) . Similarly Higher Education Commission of Pakistan ( 2009 ) studies increased figure of female pupils in higher instruction, but they are by and large unseeable leading places particularly higher instruction. This could be consequence of patriarchate ( Haeri, 2002 ) or adult male jingoism ( Haq, 2000 ) . We are losing great human capital because of this. Leadership concept being gendered has shown its branchings in all walks of life. We need reconceptualizeation of leading constructs and factors which affect adult females to go up leading places. Although Memon ( 2003 ) reported addition in adult females territory educational officers, I am looking at leading place like university frailty Chancellor of the Exchequer. Harmonizing to HEC statics less than five-percent of HEI are headed by adult female. Female educational institutes ar e fewer than of male ( Warwick & A ; Reimers, 1995 ) hence they form minority educational leaders group ( Rarieya, 2006 ) . Different subdivision of this paper will discuses leading constructs, course of study leading, leading and gender, factors impacting leading development, research methodological analysis, followed by treatment and decision.CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIPThe construct of leading would supply a model for this research survey. There is no 1 agreed upon definition of leading. It is elusive and contested construct ( Allix & A ; Gronn, 2005 ) due to its complexness in nature, contextually in pattern and subjectiveness in apprehension ( Leithwood, Jantzi, & A ; Steinbach, 1999 ) . There is a turning understanding on the premise that leading is a societal influence of one individual or group applied on other individual or group. And this influence is used to accomplish a end ( Hughes, Ginnett & A ; Curphy, 1995 ; Leithwood, Jantzi, & A ; Steinbach, 1999, and Yulk, 1994 ) . This accomplishment of end or desired purpose involves animating and back uping others towards accomplishing airy end that is based on personal and professional values ( Earley and Weindling, 2004 ) . The construct of holding values, to me act upon the manner leaders think and act. In educational view, current yearss are disputing, leaders are required to get by with disputing demands of reforms ( Harris, 2003 ) . The leader ‘s function is made complex and demanding by the societal and demographic conditions of postmodern society ( Elkind, 1993 ) . This is true in medical instruction. The leaders in medical field demand to present accomplishments and attitudes to go effectual leaders. One of the most of import standards for judging the effectual future leader would be their accomplishments to pull off feelings of ego and others ( Fullan 2001 ) , but they need to hold political orientation, professional entrepreneurship, mediation accomplishments and capableness of conveying alteration. Therefore, the footing of leading power rests upon cognition of organisational map, interpersonal relationship, group kineticss, personal direction and people ‘s value sets ( Harris 2003 ) . Perceptibly leading orientation is switching from act uponing to pull offing alteration and feelings of people. The initial orientation is rooted in personal and positional power, while the ulterior demands for sensitiveness and value-laden leading. It is the ulterior orientation is favourable for adult females leading.Concept OF CURRICULUM LEADERSHIP‘Curriculum leading ‘ has emerged as a new construct in leading literature. The impression of ‘curriculum ‘ loosely highlights a dynamic definition of a idea procedure which is conceptualized and developed for intents of execution of instruction and larning efficaciously in the schools. The quality of course of study procedure is enhanced when rhythms of contemplations, ratings and alterations for betterment are added upon the existent procedures of the course of study development and execution. Through curriculum leading influence one makes educational organisation more cohesive and coherent to accomplish ends. The human community has capacity to determine its hereafter. Leadership is th e procedure which grows from this capacity, act uponing others with the power and authorization kineticss. Curriculum leading means making a figure of undertakings related to the instruction and propensity procedures inside the schools. In other words, it requires programs, leading actions and direction engagement that can back up and determine what is taught, learned, and tested based on the school course of study. This demands the course of study leader to hold a deeper apprehension and broader cognition base of school course of study. It requires understanding of theories of course of study development and execution ( Glatthorn, 2000 ) . Lee and Dimmock ( 1999 ) add the undertakings of a curricular leader further by saying that, â€Å" Curriculum leading and direction encompasses the undermentioned end puting and planning ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the educational programme of the school ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the educational of the school ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the staff of the school ; civilization edifice ; and apportioning resources † ( p.456 ) . Krug ( 1992 ) divided the function of curriculum leading in five constituents: specifying mission, pull offing course of study and direction, oversing instruction, supervising pupil advancement and advancing the instructional clime. The logical inquiry, who should be curriculum leader. Is it chief or frailty principal? Fullan ( 1991 ) responded â€Å" principals † as course of study leaders and Drew from literature that the strong course of study leaders act as resource suppliers, instructional resources, communicators and are visibly presence. Kleine-Kracht ( 1993 ) uses the term ‘indirect leading ‘ to depict principals ‘ functions in easing ‘teacher leading ‘ as opposed to working straight on course of study undertakings or undertakings. Glickman ( 1989 ) argues about principal should be the leader of the instructors as curriculum leader instead than as the exclusive course of study leader. Teachers become more committed and self-managing when schools become true communities, liberating principals from the load of seeking to command people ( Sergiovanni, 1992 ) . Many researches advocate principals to be of import in curriculum leading function nevertheless, Leithwood et Al. ( 1999 ) assert that, â€Å" original beliefs refering the principal as the primary or most of import instructional leader required rethinking † ( p.8 ) . Morrison ( 1995 ) argues that a vice-principal or a deputy caput instructor in primary schools is desirable to exert curriculum leading partially because of his/her place to pass on and keep affair between the principal and the staff. To reply the inquiry, O'Neill ( 2003 ) emphasized the function of sections or capable co-coordinators. Therefore, curriculum leading implies a set of functions and maps that relate to a figure of major countries of course of study leading and direction. It is about the school systems that facilitate the effectual instruction and acquisition procedures inside and out side of the schoolrooms. Besides it includes development of school civilization that maximizes pupil acquisition by supplying dynamic curriculum passage in a originative school civilization that encourages creativeness, invention, edifice squads where acquisition is for all and continued. Attempts are directed to the cutting border educational excellence, with a critical and human-centered positions. Within the complex working of today ‘s schools, as principals portion the lead and the burden, the success of their public presentation will be determined by their ability to animate a civilization of authorization by moving as ‘hero-makers ‘ instead than heroes ( Slater, 2008 ) .LEADERSHIP AND GENDERDuring m y class work for PhD, I learnt that the relationship between leading and gender has late gained attending in literature. Leadership as a societal procedure affects gender both in organisations or society, and is extremely going gendered ( Acker, 1994 ; Adler, et al 1993 ; Blackmore, 1999 ; Ozga, 1993 ) . Theoretical attacks of leading are soundless about gender and do non see gender as a variable of leading concept. These attacks try to turn out their neutrality, but fail. Leadership as gendered construct can be analyzed from three positions ( Yulk, 2002 ) : I ) conceptual building of leading, II ) the organisational civilization where the leading is practiced ; and III ) the procedure of being socialized into leading.Conceptual building of leading:The leader is/as a â€Å" MAN † is unwritten, widely accepted and practiced construct, ignores female ( Alder, et Al, 1993 ) . Most literature is founded in manfully experiences ( Shakeshaft, 2006 ) presuming that the experiences of male and female are same ; hence leader is a adult male. Adjectives like good, airy, multi-skilled, end orientated, facilitative, self regulative and service oriented, are all attached with adult male ( Senge, 1994 ) . Traits like decision, assertiveness and assurance are traditionally been related to adult male ( Yulk, 2002 ) . These adjectives and traits give birth to adult male as a leader. Literature qualifies female leaders as flexible, supportive, nurturing, collaborative, collegial and socially merely ( Fitzgerald, 2003 ) . But when adult female is portrayed in leading as subsidiary, kills all the value ( Mavin & A ; Brayans, 2002 ) . Sing ownership of power, adult females are comfy with power through or with others, believing in sharing ( Blackmore ) , which makes them more acceptable as a leader ( Brunner, 2005 ) .Organizational civilization and construction.I have yet to see any organisation which is gender impersonal. It is preponderantly male who are in control. Organizations have gendered values which affect you as male or fem ale ( Ozga ) . The manner the male and female are trusted in transporting out bigger pressing and of import undertakings, crates sense of uncertainnesss in adult females ‘s head about effectual adult females leading ( Fitzgerald, 2003 ) . They are the insiders in organisation but foreigners for leading ( Blackmore ) . Organizations are largely dominated by adult male ( Coleman, 2003 ) and their kineticss are more adult male friendly than adult females, assisting adult male to accomplish higher ranking easy. The organisational patterns like demand of excess clip, work and policy issues are all unmindful of gender sensitivenesss ( Blackmore )Socialization into leading.The manner work forces and adult females are socialized creates stereo-typicality. The different stereo-typicality signifier the footing of socialisation. The differences of socialisation could be built-in like biological differences. Gendered societal functions like place jobs and kid attention are related with ad ult females, while work forces perform in wider work environment ( Ashraf, 2007 ) . The work forces ‘s work takes pride than that of adult females. I was amazed to larn about adult females stating â€Å" He † and â€Å" His † when depicting a leader. When adult females socialize this construct of adult male leading, they accept feminty being submissive and dependent. It would beef up the prevalent stereotype of adult male as leader and adult female as follower. These stereotypes give rise to behaviours for adult male and adult females. Woman are measured against masculine theoretical accounts of behaviours. Interestingly, if they adopt those behaviours, they are assumed to be unfit for the function and if they do non, they are termed as being excessively feminine ( Blackmore ) . It is catch 22 state of affairs for them, which could ensue in shattering their assurance.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTE WOMEN TO SUCCESS IN LEADERSHIP ROLEI recognize that the un dermentioned history may non supply a comprehensive coverage of all of the experiences conducive to leading development. However, these experiences represent two wide spheres of life: work and household. The events happening across these two spheres are shown to lend to one ‘s leading outgrowth and development.I: Work:A: Experiences: Educational, occupation and as leader: Educational experiences are considered as cardinal to future success. Wakabayashi and Graen ( 1984 ) reported educational experiences as most often cited events in one ‘s life that contributed to leading development. But for Yukl ( 2003 ) accomplishments for leading are largely learned from [ occupation ] experience. Particularly anterior occupations challenges are helpful in leading development. McCauly, Ruderman, Ohlott, and Morrow ( 1994 ) illustrate that occupation demands such as making alteration, occupation overload, and confronting inauspicious concern conditions represented dimensions that coul d impact leading development. A anterior success as leader is reported by Avolio ( 1994 ) as one of the positive leading development factor. Bacillus: Opportunity: chances whether achieved or grabbed are of import determiner of leading. This relates to the organisational clime created to back up unexpected growing chances ( London & A ; Smither, 2002 ) Degree centigrades: Peer influence, mentorship and function theoretical account: Peer through different schemes influence leading development ( Richard, 2007 ) . The equal relationship is a valuable constituent of curriculum leading development. In add-on to equals, the mentorship narratives are typically heard in the interviews of course of study leaders. Their interviews reveal that they come into contact with wise mans in their earlier life. Their wise mans served as ushers, function theoretical accounts, accomplishment builders, affairs, clarifiers, and even constructive criticizers. Geting wise mans is an of import development experience for persons traveling into leading functions ( Kram, 1983 ) . Restine ( 1997 ) survey identified mentoring as lending factor in adult females leading development.Two: Family:A. Parents and siblings and/or other household members: Leaderships are seen to hold function of household members in assisting them organize their values and ends associate d with leading. For case in Bhuto household of Pakistan, parents and household members influence their kids to leading functions, manners and values of leading. Keller and Cacioppe ( 2001 ) found parent-children attachment manner effects leader-follower attachment manner. The parental influence to leading manners is seen subsequently in life. Parents provide the function theoretical accounts for kids to place with in the same manner that transformational leaders do with their followings. Such parents help kids to develop their self-efficacy for taking others, advance a strong belief to a higher set of beliefs and values, and supply the challenges and support for kids to construct toward success ( Popper and Mayseless, 2003 ) . Cubillo and Brown ( 2003 ) explained early history and familial support determining the thought of adult females leaders. Womans are supported by their male parents in peculiar. Bacillus: Religious experiences: Religion is one signifier of experience that provides persons with a mechanism for doing sense of life. Wasylyshyn ( 2001 ) emphasized that all human existences are sense doing entities and therefore are looking for ways to calculate out life and the way they should take in the hereafter. There are many illustrations of leaders who derive their values and aims on the footing of religious and spiritual foundations ( Martin Luther, Gandhi, Martin Luther King, etc. ) . Bloom and Erlandson ( 2003 ) highlighted the communal and spiritual patterns in determining leading individuality of adult females. C. Experience of loss: Zaleznik ( 1977 ) described the twice-born magnetic leader as person who has experienced a dramatic life event that changed him or her so dramatically that the person has become a different individual with a radically different life focal point. Personal injury could be one type of experience impacting leading development. In fact, it is rather common for leaders to depict such losingss as turning points in their lives that led them to a deeper apprehension of what they were and who they wanted to go. Bennis ( 2002 ) suggested that harsh and traumatic experiences revealed a concealed portion of one ‘s interior ego that, if successfully transcended, can ensue in greater apprehension and compassion for others.Barriers WHICH DETER WOMEN TO SUCCESS IN LEADERSHIP ROLEWhile a figure of authors have attempted to place and categorise internal and external barriers to the advancement of adult females ‘s callings in educational leading, small discourse has oc curred in Pakistan refering how adult females experience leading ( Rarieya, 2006 ) . The undermentioned history of barriers is based on Cubillo & A ; Brown ( 2003 ) , Ashraf ( 2007 ) , Carnes ( 1996 ) , Coleman ( 2003 ) , , Hill and Ragland ( 1995 ) Blackmore, and Ozaga. Women frequently have a hard clip in stepping frontward and going leaders. There has been much research sing the barriers confronting adult females and attitudes that inhibit adult females from stepping into leading functions. Evidence suggests that adult females face a ‘glass ceiling ‘ when they attempt to travel into leading places. The barriers to adult females ‘s engagement in leading can be considered under these three headers:I: Barriers STEMMING FROM SOCIALIZATION AND STEREOTYPINGA: Constraints of traditional gender functions: Women ‘s traditional individualities and functions have been associated with parenting and caring/nurturing, while work forces ‘s traditional individualiti es are associated with paid employment and the populace sphere. Traditional positions do non take into history the assortment of existent accomplishments and expertness that each individual has and their possible to lend in concern, agriculture and community work. It is of import to to the full acknowledge the potency for engagement by everyone. Bacillus: Manifestations of sexism: Social attitudes sing appropriate gender functions can act upon adult females ‘s determinations sing leading and engagement. Preconceptions about adult females can be so profoundly ingrained that many who hold them are non even cognizant of them. Beliefs can be that adult females leaders are less capable, less competitory or less productive than work forces, non task-oriented plenty, excessively dependent on feedback and ratings of others or deficiency independency.Two: Person BarriersA: Balance of work, household and life style: Both work forces and adult females have household duties. However, adult females continue to presume greater duty for caring for kids, every bit good as for their spouses, parents, and other household members. This is reflected in adult females ‘s lower degrees of leading engagement. Anyone with household duties choosing for leading functions face challenges holding the possible personal and household impact. T he complexnesss and tensenesss of the function, the size of the extra work load and the demand to go to extra meetings increase the complexness of equilibrating household life committednesss. The determinations adult females are doing in relation to work and household are act uponing how and when they participate in leading functions. Organizations that support household duties and supply flexible agreements can better their attractive force and keeping of top male and female leaders with valuable accomplishments. Adopting a leading function and taking duty for doing determinations requires a considerable committedness of clip and energy. This means that adult females must strike an effectual balance between work, household, life style, community and leading committednesss. Today, with the altering nature of employment and lovingness duties, adult females are under increasing force per unit area to take part in leading activities but have less clip to make so. Bacillus: Male and female leading manners: Womans leaders face different outlooks about leading manners and attacks. Women leaders are expected to expose greater inter-personal accomplishments and follow more participatory, democratic manners, while work forces are expected to follow more directing attacks. An single leading manner is developed through societal, historical, and cultural contexts. Organizations may be given to keep stereotyped positions of leading affecting features which are stereotypically masculine behaviours. Some adult females are loath to take on leading functions in these organisations as the behavioural outlooks are incompatible with their universe positions and life experiences. More stiff positions of leading manners can compress adult females, who prefer to exert a different signifier of leading. Leadership accomplishments are non gender particular. It is of import for organisations to acknowledge and formalize a assortment of leading manners. Degree centigrades: Cultural barriers: Culture plays a important function in specifying leading. Different civilizations can value different leading functions and manners and the procedure of leading can take many different signifiers. Many cultural community leaders face the extra challenge of seeking to equilibrate determination doing across two civilizations.Three: Organizational BarriersA: Policies: Glass ceiling, glass walls, gluey evidences are few metaphors which are used to picture unobserved barriers for adult female to go up for leading place. These glass or laxan are policies which are man-friendly. Womans are in organisation but out of leading civilization. Lack of function theoretical account, wise mans and critical friends are other of import factors. Collegialities are over ridden by competition. Bacillus: Skills acknowledgment: many adult females wish for a greater function in determination devising and leading. Leadership accomplishments are frequently defined in relation to people ‘s professional experience in paid employment. It can be hard to interpret accomplishments derived from voluntary community work into a formal employment application. Most adult females have decision-making and leading accomplishments, and these accomplishments are valuable. Unfortunately, it is frequently the instance that adult females and their work are non valued and this impacts negatively on their assurance.MethodologyRESEARCH QUESTIONBased on above conceptual apprehension of curriculum leading, leading and gender, and factors impacting adult females in leading dominance, the undermentioned research inquiry would be the focused the survey:‘How curriculum leading is enacted by a adult female in higher instruction context of Pakistan? ‘CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUNDThe survey was con ducted in Medical College of Aga Khan University ( MC AKU ) . The principle for choosing this peculiar context is because it has revised and renewed it conventional medical course of study to new Problem Based Curriculum in 2002. This is appreciated by other medical colleges who are seeking course of study advises from MC AKU. Hence, I consider MC AKU playing a leading function in medical instruction in Pakistan. The curricular activities of MCAKU are lead by curriculum commission. This commission comprises of five twelvemonth commission caputs stand foring old ages I – V course of study sub-committee, members stand foring longitudinal instruction subjects, clinical accomplishments commission, scrutiny and publicity commission, few single module members, and representation of pupils. It does curriculum development, organisation, and execution. Every curricular alteration or alteration is discussed and approved by it.RESERCH PARTICIPANT:My research participant heads the curric ulum commission. She by developing is a histopathologist and acquired a higher grade in wellness profession instruction. She is been at MC AKLU for more than 15 old ages. She was a member of course of study reclamation undertaking force and performed active function in reclamation procedure. This is one of ground to choose her as my research participant. She has a through apprehension of course of study patterns in median college and in medical instruction. She appeared to be in her late mid-fortiess, married with two kids, a native Pakistani Born belonging to Ismaili religious order of Islam. A adult female found of have oning starched cotton suites with boy-cut hair manner holding no involvement in jewellery. A robust looking friendly individual.CASE STUDY:I chose case-study method to understand broader image of adult females leading phenomenon in one typical unit. The analysis of unit makes it a instance for me harmonizing to characteristics highlighted by Creswell ( 1998 ) . Cas e survey resonate with me as a research worker is because behind the theory, method, analysis, ontology, epistemology, and methodological analysis of research â€Å" stands the personal life of the research worker, who speaks from a peculiar category, gender, racial, cultural, and cultural community position † ( Denzin & A ; Lincoln, 2000, p. 18 ) . Stake ( 1995 ) describes it as probes of â€Å" delimited systems † with the focal point being either the instance or an issue illustrated by the instance ( s ) . It provides an in-depth survey of this â€Å" system, † based on a diverse array of informations aggregation stuffs. The research worker situates this system within its larger â€Å" context † or puting. Lodico, Spaulding and Voegtle ( 2006 ) write, â€Å" instance survey research is a signifier of qualitative research that endeavors to detect significance, to look into procedures, and to derive insight into and in-depth apprehension of an single, g roup, or state of affairs † ( p.269 ) .DATA COLLECTIONBassey ( 1999 ) , Bogdan and Biklen ( 1998 ) , Merriam ( 1998 ) and Johnson and Christensen ( 2008 ) favor the usage of multiple methods and multiple informations beginnings. I would utilize interview as my chief tool, which is recognized, valuable and relevant tool to capture qualitative experiences, sentiments, perceptual experiences, feelings, understanding and knowledge about how and why.Discussion:The current state of affairs of adult females leading is non proportionate to the figure of adult females in higher instruction as pupil or as instructor. This could be because of patriarchal society of Pakistan. The consequence of this social phenomenon needs more probe for adult females in higher instruction leading places. There is turning prominence of adult females ( Hill, and Ragland,1995 ) in leading place, but more contributing environment is be created to pull more adult females.Leadership construct:The construct of leading is and likely will stay contested and elusive. However, leading being a phenomenon of societal influence is accepted widely. â€Å" The leader is to be influential † and this influence is to be at national degree to be effectual. The influence is gagged by accomplishing ends and vision. Hence, the leader has to be end oriented and airy. The vision is based on values ; personal or professional. â€Å" This is my institutes and I want to function more patients through this function † . The current yearss are disputing to accomplish that. There are many environmental factors which influence the leader specially adult females leaders to achieve the airy ends. Leadership construct in educational kingdom gives rise to curriculum leading construct. This emergent construct is related to making many more things so learning in the school. â€Å" it is lot, lot more than instruction † . Lee and Dimmock ( 1999 ) has described the function of curriculum leader in school scene, but those functions are about similar to higher instruction scenes well. â€Å" I guarantee the given authorization of course of study commission ( CC ) is enacted, it includes development of policies and processs, nidation of policies, O.K. plans which come to it from Sub milliliter, proctors curriculum, module development for learning and acquisition, appraisal. †Who should be curriculum leader?Principal, vice-principal or instructor or a double function would be better penchant. If we equate school principal with dean of a university, so vice-principal would be appropriate individual to take the course of study because of being intermediary between staff and principal ( dean ) . I propose the similarity of my research participants as vice-principal. She is a affair between dean and module member, raises course of study concerns and related issues with dean on a regular footing as portion of her monitoring activity. â€Å" I am faculty members ‘ voice, non dean ‘s voice † Bing a instructor and course of study leader is double advantages. It gives a wider gamut of course of study interior and out side of category room. Lofthouse et Al. ( 1995 ) and Caldwell ( 2006 ) cites Weber ‘s ( 1996 ) positions such leading as to be â€Å" shared, co-operative, collaborative or facilitative. † Hence teacher as curriculum leaders should be recruited to take up more curricular duties.Nature and Raising or nature of raising:Irrespective of leading type and duties, the argument of â€Å" born ‘ versus â€Å" made † leading will go on. This argument drew attending to familial and environmental factors which h elp or impede leading including adult females leading. The familial and environmental factors are widely debated. â€Å" It is in my cistrons † is a strong sense of interior committedness proven scientifically in adult females every bit good ( Arvey, Zhang, Avolio, and Krueger, 2007 ) . Amongst environmental factors discussed before, in higher educational scenario, it is more of work related factors which affect adult females leading. Wall street diary ‘s metaphor of glass ceiling and glass wall ( Cubillo, 2003 ) describe unseeable barriers. â€Å" I have to give a batch in footings of fundss and publicities † is large concern. This could be regarded as â€Å" gluey floors † ( Tesch and Nattinger, 1997 ) which does non allow adult females ascendency to the ceiling. Dickstein ( 1996 ) cited in Carnes, Morrissey, and Geller, ( 2008 ) criticized the glass and called it Lexan, a stuff stronger and more hard to shatter than glass. If adult female reaches to ceiling so there is no function theoretical account seen through the ceiling ( Carnes ( 1996 ) . But values particularly spiritual makes these adult females to hold faith in them and committedness to go on. â€Å" It is our institute ; if I have to work so I will work at AKU merely † . This came from spiritual belief and fond regard to establish.Role of equals and wise mansPositive experienced and supportive environment provided by equals is one of the of import leading developmental factors. Peer relationships offer alone value for development because of the grade of common duty and the continuance of the relationship. â€Å" I used to portion an office with a co-worker. I learnt a batch from her about medical instruction. That developed my involvement to acquire a formal grade in heath profession education. † . Peers non merely assist to gestate curriculum leading constructs but besides aid pattern those. Mentors pay a major function in bearer determination devising. However, current organisational apparatus lacks that. It consequences in many inspiring adult females lose their desire to leading function. But the current economic system and service driven instruction has created an environment of competition than collegiality. Organizations should see equal and mentorship relationships as a potentially valuable constituent of an overall leading developmentDecision devisingThis is really rooted in values and adult females manner of leading. As mentioned earlier that adult females like holding more power through or with ot hers. They are more democratic in determination devising and show flexibleness than work forces. â€Å" I take every organic structure on borad. † â€Å" I do non believe in individuality, squad work is my strength † . These are typical of adult females leading manners. However, both work forces and adult females feel that it shows adult females ‘s deficiency of decision and assurance to do single determination. It is at that place forward taken a failing instead than strength. Organizations are more attuned to adult male determination doing manner and want â€Å" He adult female † than â€Å" she adult female † in determination devising. He adult females to act the same manner as adult male. Hence, â€Å" you know how much I have changed. I am more flexible now than earlier † . It appears as for doing a niche in leading place adult females might necessitate a manful ghetto in her manner and visual aspect, â€Å" Her male child cut hair mann er and concern suite. †Organizational factors:â€Å" I have to give a batch, I paid a large award to be in this potion † . This reflects organisational policies which do non honor adult females ‘s curriculum leading function. Womans do most of educational work but when it comes to publicities ; it is about research-output. Women ‘s curriculum leading functions are evaluated as acceptable in public presentation assessment, but research as outstanding. Presently at MC AKU, in footings of importance, course of study activities are fighting to come at par with net incomes bring forthing avenues. â€Å" This organisational attitude is de-motivating for all module interested in learning and larning † . Womans who likes learning and have household duties would be more affected by this organisational attitude.Past experience:Experience of successful in leading function seems to be a turning point. â€Å" My instruction was evaluated as good one. My faculty c oordination was extremely apprehended and was regarded as best. I so though that this is the line that I must choose. † . it is human nature that wages will promote. But holding a systematic grasp and feedback patterns would surely promote animating leaders. I can associate this phenomenon to myself. The manner I was appreciated changed my bearer way. This past occupation experience takes precedency over instruction or preparation experiences. It is in-service experience which generates the wonder to seek more instruction â€Å" I subsequently decide to take a formal grade in instruction † . It is informal in-service experience which gives more penetration of existent life patterns. Once one is familiar with what it is like so you opt for it.Personal factors:â€Å" I can do a difference † , â€Å" I do what I believe in † â€Å" My forbearance and endurance. I have become really patient. Which I truly do non desire be at times but I have to be. Naturally, I am a temperamental individual [ but ] over the class of clip I have been hammered plenty, that has helped [ me ] to develop forbearance and endurance, working hard, listening to everybody. I involve module in determination devising. I do non believe single determination devising, I seek input, have consensus, squad sprit. † . This shows the importance of personal values translated in action and how demands of actions change 1s behavior. It emphasizes personal features and flexible nature of adult female leading. This is in line with modern-day function of curriculum leader, who needs to larn how to mange his/her and others feelings.Decision:My research participant represented a adult female course of study leader accomplishing vision based on beliefs and values. Experiences of adult female leading are generic irrespective of instruction institute degree. Her dominance to leading has faced similar glass or laxan wall or ceiling. Experiences at work are possibly more of impor t in adult females ‘s entry into leading functions. Organization ‘s nature of â€Å" nurture † makes a difference. To pull more adult females into leading, all stakeholders must admit being of glass ceiling and walls, and agree that leting those in topographic point erodes our state ‘s considerable human capital.Recognition and dedication:I seize this chance to thank my class facilitator and myself for holding this chance to compose some thing about adult females. As a PhD pupil I promised with myself that I would compose some thing about adult females issues before completing class work. Sessions on Leadership and gender issues in leading was a great learning chance provided by my facilitator Dr Khaki. He liberally shared his positions, resources, books and article with all pupils. I greatly appreciate his valuable part. I dedicate all my attempts in composing this assignment to all the adult females of the universe who are capable but disadvantaged because of adult male made regulations of society.Mentions:Acker, S. ( 1994 ) . Gendered Education. Buckingham: Open University Press Adler, S. , Laney, J. , & A ; Packer, M. ( 1993 ) . Pull offing Women. Buckingham: Open University Press Allix, A. & A ; Gronn, P. ( 2005 ) . Leadership as manifestation of cognition. Educational Management Administration and Leadership. 33 ( 2 ) , 181-196. Arvey, D. R. , Zhang. Z. , Avolio, J. B. , & A ; Krueger, F. R. ( 2007 ) . 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Accountants relay information to the manager of the company, then manager’s check the report to see how well there company is doing, and what needs to be cut back and where there money is going. Governments also check the report to see how much tax the company has to pay, also other company’s use the report to verify if they want to do business with them or if they want to lend money to that company. There are a wide variety of accountants, some more important to a companies welfare then others. Mainly there are endless types of accountants but the four primary accounting jobs are: Public Accountants who work for companies, work for other people or even own there own business. Management Accountants who keep track of money and assets to tell where money is being spent and made by the companies in which they work. Internal Auditors mainly check to see if the accounts are correct and that noone wastes or loses any money, and even sometimes to see if any one is stealing from the company. Government Accountants check to see if the government records are right and they also check other companies to see how much they should be taxed, and who is doing business with the government. These elite fina... Free Essays on Accounting Accounting is the study of how businesses track their income and assets over time. Accountants engage in a wide variety of activities besides preparing financial statements and recording business transactions including computing costs and efficiency gains from new technologies, participating in strategies for mergers and acquisitions, quality management, developing and using information systems to track financial performance, tax strategy, and health care benefits management. There's a lot to get out of a career in accounting. Perhaps most important: You will learn how business works. The field of accounting offers stimulating and challenging work that is constantly evolving. Because accountants spend a lot of time looking under the hoods of businesses they really learn how business works. It's no surprise that many successful players in business began their careers as accountants. It's also no surprise that most Chief Financial Officers of large corporations have a background in accounting. An accountant is perfectly positioned to become a CFO because he or she probably has the best understanding of what drives business and profits in a company.... Free Essays on Accounting A college student decides she wants to become an accountant. General accounting and bookkeeping classes can be taken in high school. In college, the student needs to decide on a more specific field of accounting. An accountant has many choices as to what particular field of accounting to specialize in depending on the financial information she wants to analyze and how it is done. Financial accountants, tax accountants and internal auditors are all accountants in general, but require different training and work methods. A financial accountant records economic data and periodically prepares reports that show profit and other financial information of a company using the generally accepted accounting principles. The reports prepared by the accountant are useful for managers, and also for owners, creditors and the public. Based on information in the reports the public can use the reports to choose a company to invest in. Because a financial accountant is employed by an individual company, she is considered a private accountant. Another type of accountant is a tax accountant. A tax accountant prepares yearly tax returns for individual clients. The accountants have to use constant data such as rates of pay and other information to determine the proper amount of taxes to be paid. These accountants have to take a class once a year to catch up on yearly changes in tax laws and regulations. If a tax accountant has met state experience requirements, she may want to take exams to become a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). A third type of accountant is an internal auditor. Auditors are sponsored by the Institute of Internal Auditors and work within an individual firm. The auditor reviews accounting and operating procedures used by a firm to make sure everything is being run properly. If things aren't being run properly, it is the auditor's job to find the problem and to try to rectify it. An auditor is considered a private accountant because h... Free Essays on Accounting The Master Budget for a profit oriented organization seeks to build a set of interrelated budgets which provide a complete "picture" of the operations of the business over some future period, usually twelve months. The elements of the master budget address both operating and financial concerns. (Blocher, 2002) It is not difficult to devise a master or overall budget. It is simply your realistic, long-term aspirations translated into total costs. So often, families consider only the cost for the item, when the item in question comes with accompanying repair or installation costs. For example, an air conditioner may require electrical, plumbing and installation expense. (www.debtfreebenefits.com) Those "other" costs should be considered in establishing the financial impact on the family budget. Sometimes the incidental costs may be as great at the time as the major purchase itself. Good planning or budgeting usually avoids these mistakes. (www.debtfreebenefits.com) After the long term objectives are established, each objectives must be put into annual terms. There are many questions to answer: When can you buy it, how much will it cost, do you pay it all now or can you spread the total costs over more than one year? (www.debtfreebenefits.com) A master budget is simply the compilation of these major considerations put on the same page (s) so that the total picture for a lifetime, year, month, week or day can be properly reviewed and then adjusted when necessary. (www.debtfreebenefits.com) A master budget does not have to be complex, but it ought to be complete. The path to success for the successful is almost always supported by a plan, a specific, written charting of the steps needed to accomplish the intended success. Success is not achieved by accident. Success is a planned event. (www.debtfreebenefits.com) A firm’s strategic plan describes how the firm matches its own strengths and weaknesses wi... Free Essays on Accounting When examining the effect of open marketing on the profession of accounting it is important to view it from three perspectives: the client's, the profession's, and society's. Additionally, two key areas that are affected by marketing must be addressed, these are concerning competition, and ethical implications. Marketing in public accounting is here to stay therefore making an argument against its existence would be fruitless; however, in order to achieve maximum benefit to the firm, the client, and s ociety more stringent guidelines must be implemented at the firm level. The first, and most obvious, of the effected areas is competition. Within competition several points are discussed. First, the implications advertising has on public accounting the model of perfect competition versus the model of monopolistic compet ition. Secondly, the relationship between firm size and advertising expenditures. Thirdly, the effect of advertising on firm specialization, the implications of client turnover on public accounting practice. Before making the comparison, a brief explanation why the two models are chosen is in order. Monopolistic competition has been chosen for the pre-advertising era because it most closely resembles the market structure in an extreme sense. The elements o f monopolistic competition are as follows: product differentiation, the presence of large numbers of sellers, and nonprice competition. Although accounting services between firms offer very little service differentiation, the absence of advertising serve s as a replacement because clients are not necessarily aware that other options are easily attainable. The post-advertising era is explained through the model of perfect competition for which the qualifications are as follows: very little or no service d ifferentiation, many sellers, and price as the only means of distinguishing one firms ... Free Essays on Accounting Accounting „h The main purpose of accounting is to provide useful, reliable, and timely information to people who make rational investments, credit, and similar decisions. Because accountants serve decisions makers by providing them with financial information that helps them make better decisions, accounting is often decried as a service activity. „h Accountants also provide information about nonprofit organizations such as churches, hospitals, museums, schools, and various government agencies. The people who use accounting information about nonprofit organizations include their managers and people who denote to or pay taxes to them, who use their services, or who otherwise work with them „h The internal role of accounting is to serve the organization's various functions by providing information that helps them complete their tasks. By providing this information, accounting helps departments such as Finance, Human Resources, Research and Development, Production, Marketing, and Executive Management reach their overall goals. „h After my undergraduate work I plan on going into M.S in accounting „h The Master of Science in Accounting Program is designed for accounting students and professionals who have completed an undergraduate accounting degree and who seek to enhance their technical and professional skills through completion of an advanced degree in accounting. Prospective students who have not earned a baccalaureate degree in accounting from a U.S. institution may apply but will be required to complete additional coursework in order to earn the degree. „h The one-year full-time curriculum, together with most undergraduate accounting programs, should satisfy the 150-hour educational requirement for certification and licensure as a certified public accountant (CPA). This is the educational standard advocated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) that is required in most states....

Quantim Theory essays

Quantim Theory essays Quantim Mechanics is abranch of mathematical physics that deals with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material particles. Because it holds that energy and matter exist in tiny, discrete amounts, quantum mechanics is particularly applicable to Elamentry Pprticlesand the interactions between them. According to the older theories of classical physics, energy is treated solely as a continuous phenomenon and matter is assumed to occupy a very specific region of space and to move in a continuous manner. According to the quantum theory, energy is emitted and absorbed in a small packet, called a quantum (pl. quanta), which in some situations behaves as particles of matter do; particles exhibit certain wavelike properties when in motion and are no longer viewed as localized in a given region but as spread out to some degree. The quantum theory thus proposes a dual nature for both waves and particles, with one aspect predominating in some situations and th e other predominating in other situations. Quantum mechanics is needed to explain many properties of matter, such as the temperature dependence of the specific heat of solids, as well as when very small quantities of matter or energy are involved, as in the interaction of elementary particles and fields, but the theory of Relativity assumes importance in the special situation where very large speeds are involved. Together they form the theoretical basis of modern physics. (The results of classical physics approximate those of quantum mechanics for large scale events and those of relativity when ordinary speeds are involved.) Quantum theory was developed principally over a period of thirty years. The first contribution was the explanation of blackbody radiation in 1900 by Max Planck, who proposed that the energies of any harmonic oscillator, such as the atoms of a blackbody radiator, are restricted to certain values, each of which is an integral (whole nu ...

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's natural for your in-class notes to get a little disorganized in a course that covers as much material as AP Biology. If you're missing a couple of sections of notes or if you just want to see a clearer outline of how the course is structured, this article will be helpful. I've compiled all the information you need to know for the AP Biology test in the form of links to online notes and descriptions of labs. I'll also follow up with some tips on using these notes effectively. How to Use These AP Biology Notes The notes in this article can be used to study for tests throughout the year that deal with smaller portions of the curriculum, or they can be referenced in your studying for the final exam. In both cases, supplement them with information from a textbook and/or review book. You should also incorporate practice questions, quizzes, and tests into your studying to solidify your knowledge of the material. You can find these resources in my AP Biology study guide, a review book, your textbook, or the materials provided by your teacher. In-class tests, quizzes, and labs are also useful study aids. Don’t just read through the notes once and expect to do well! Since AP Biology requires a significant amount of analysis and critical thinking beyond memorization, you need to practice answering questions that test skills beyond the basic knowledge you’ll get from the notes. If you’re using these notes to study for a particular portion of the AP Biology course, you can find the appropriate topic area in the list below. I’ve organized the topics according to the four Big Ideas of the course so that you can find the unit you're looking for more easily. If you’re using these notes to study for the final exam, assess your strengths and weaknesses first so that you can prioritize the right content areas. Take a diagnostic test to determine how high you’re currently scoring and which types of questions give you the most trouble. You can use a test from a review book, or you can use one that you find online (just make sure it's the new version with 69 questions on the multiple choice section!). Print it out and give yourself the appropriate amount of time for each section so that you’re not caught off-guard by time constraints on the real exam. If you're practicing for in-class tests, you should also rehearse your creepy stare so that your teacher will be too terrified to give you anything less than an A. AP Biology Notes In this section, I’ll give you links to some resources for notes on every aspect of the AP Biology curriculum. Make sure you supplement them with class notes and records of your lab assignments. CourseNotes I found some of the most comprehensive and up-to-date AP Biology notes on CourseNotes. I’ve provided links to notes on specific topics to make it easier for you to target areas that are difficult for you. One downside to these notes is that there’s a ton of text and no pictures to break it up. If you find that this format doesn’t work well for you, consider getting a review book or consulting one of the other resources I’ll list in the next section. Big Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Includes: Natural selection Hardy-Weinberg Biodiversity Vertebrates Invertebrates Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Protists Fungi Plant evolution Animal evolution Big Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Includes: Molecular biology Water Carbon/molecular diversity of life Macromolecules Homeostasis Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Anaerobic respiration Metabolism Cell structure Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cell structure Cell membrane properties Active transport Passive transport Phospholipid bilayer Immune response Big Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Receive, Transmit and Respond to Information Essential to Life Processes Includes: Genes DNA structure and replication Mendel and the laws of inheritance Cell cycle Mitosis Meiosis Cancerous cells Cell communication Viruses Endocrine system Nervous system Big Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Possess Complex Properties Includes: How Plants Work Plant Structure Transport in Vascular Plants Plant Nutrition Circulatory system and respiratory system Digestive system Excretory system Muscular and skeletal systems Ecology Behavioral Population Community So many Big Ideas! Other Content Resources There are also a couple additional places where you can find notes on specific sections of the course. These resources are slightly outdated (they're tailored to the format of either the pre-2012 AP Biology curriculum or older textbooks), but they still contain information that may be useful in your studying. This page, for example, has notes on most topics covered in the current curriculum. There are also these notes on the 7th edition of the Campbell textbook; it’s not the most recent version of the book, but it might be helpful. The main difference between these notes and the notes in the previous section is that they aren't organized by Big Idea (the Big Ideas are an innovation of the new AP Biology curriculum), so it's not as easy to connect terms and concepts to larger themes as you review. Lab Summaries There are thirteen labs included in the AP Biology curriculum. Here’s a link to a page that briefly goes through all of the labs you’ll complete in a standard AP Biology class. Labs are also categorized by "Big Idea." If you're using these documents to review your lab assignments, skip to the second section of each PDF (where the page headers become red instead of blue). Labs for Big Idea 1 Artificial selection Mathematical modeling (Hardy-Weinberg) Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships Labs for Big Idea 2 Diffusion and Osmosis Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Labs for Big Idea 3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Labs for Big Idea 4 Energy Dynamics Transpiration Fruit Fly Behavior Enzyme Activity Make sure you also go through the actual lab work you did in class. Your own reports and data are the most valuable resources for reviewing this aspect of the AP curriculum. Big Picture Summaries The notes in this section are useful for revisiting major topics right before the exam. This packet covers all the main concepts you'll need to learn for AP Biology. You can also take a look at this extremely detailed review sheet that provides a similar rundown of the most essential parts of the course. If you want more guidance in your studying, consider buying a review book. Read my guide to the best review books for AP Biology here. AP Biology Studying: Let’s Talk Strategy Before you dive into the notes, read these tips so you can make the most out of the time you spend getting cozy with biological facts. Tip #1: Draw Diagrams and Rewrite Definitions There are many complex concepts that you’ll need to understand to do well on any assessment in AP Biology. These can be difficult to master just by reading notes. I find that drawing out the processes described in your textbook and notes can be very helpful in bridging the gap between memorization and genuine understanding. If you draw a diagram of the different parts of a cell or the process of cellular respiration, it will make more sense to you logically and will be easier to recall on the test. If this seems too involved, you can try rewriting the complex explanation in your own words to simplify it and make it easier to remember. Even just the act of writing it down will help you remember it better. Tip #2: Remember the Big Ideas Each concept in AP Biology falls under the larger umbrella of one of the four Big Ideas of the course. Remember not to lose sight of these ideas when you’re studying. As you review each smaller process or concept, link it back to a main theme. This will help you to contextualize it within the framework of the course as a whole and apply your knowledge logically to unfamiliar scenarios that may be presented on the test. In AP Biology (and the subject of Biology as a whole), everything is connected. Tip #3: Hit Refresh Remembering something right after you’ve studied it is one thing, and remembering it in the long term is another. After you get through a few sections of notes, go back and do a quick review of all the information you’ve learned. I’d also recommend doing this after you get through all the notes that pertain to a Big Idea for the course. It will help you to synthesize and retain the information so it doesn’t fall out of your brain as soon as you move onto the next topic (which can happen in AP Biology because there are so many details to remember!). Tip #4: Study the Method, Not Just the Information It’s easy to get caught up in going over the minuscule details of every topic in AP Biology, but you should devote at least some of your time to reviewing labs and general experimental principles. This includes concepts like dependent and independent variables, control groups, and unit conversions. You’ll see quite a few questions on the AP test (and most likely on your in-class tests throughout the year) that deal with experimental scenarios. It's much less stressful to answer these types of questions if you’re familiar with how similar experiments were conducted in your class. Conclusion You can continue to use this article as a reference point as you progress through the AP Biology curriculum. These notes should help you study for in-class assessments and the final AP test. Take practice tests often, and go over any areas where you feel less confident. If you take the time to prepare appropriately, you'll be pleasantly surprised by how little stress you feel on test day! What's Next? Is AP Biology especially challenging compared to other APs? Read this article for a detailed discussion on the difficulty level of the course and exam. Many students who take AP Biology also take the Biology SAT Subject Test. Learn more about the differences between the two exams and whether one is more important than the other in college admissions. As you review your notes for the AP, be sure to check out our biology topic guides. We go over the difference between homologous and analogous structures, what the photosynthesis equation is and how to use it, and the purpose of enzymes. We also teach you about cell theory and cell biology (including the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum). Are you planning on applying to Ivy League or other highly selective colleges? Find out how many AP classes you should take in high school to end up with the strongest chance of acceptance. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Investigation of communication between people in health and social Essay

Investigation of communication between people in health and social care - Essay Example The behaviorist theory explains that every physical action or gesture is to be construed as an expression of behavior, this philosophy argues that every thing an organism does, including the thought process and feelings, should be considered as behavior. Understanding and applying the behaviorist theory, by observing the actions of the patient in context of this theory, the Health Care Professional can better cater to the psychological requirements of the patient, which in turn can have a positive outcome in the treatment, and psychological management of the patient, while the patient is in a state of trauma due to an emotional incident or a life threatening ailment. Cognitive theory can help decision making in nursing by providing a framework, which incorporates acquiring empirical data from patients and assimilating new cases with the older ones, investigating the methods which proved to be successful in the past, and identifying and applying those to newer cases. The Psychoanalytical theory deals wit... Verbal communication is the most important aspect of direct communication with the patients which involves nursing etiquette, and some other guidelines. The nurse is expected to speak clearly with the patient, in a slow, even tome for the convenience of the patient , the nurse is expected to address the patient by his/her name to give an impression of individualistic care and attention, broadly it directs you to be gentle in your interaction with the patient. Non-verbal form of communication suggests that while dealing with patients who are hard of hearing, along with speech, the nurse should use hands to accentuate the meaning.You can even write or draw out pictures for the convenience of patients who are deaf, or if the patient prefers a digital form of communication such as laptops, you can even arrange for that. It is rudimentary to call a person by his/her name, whilst seeking attention of the patient and introducing yourself to the patient in the same way. The patient should be included in the decision making process, this gives the patient the impression that he/she is in control of the situation. Only when the patient is ready to open up and express feelings should he/she be encouraged to do so, the patient should not be rushed into expressing intimate feelings. Patients should not be stereo-typed or prejudiced against in view of the values and beliefs they hold. Inappropriate interpersonal communication is a subjective phenomenon and applies both to the nurse and the patient. In context of the nurse the use of inappropriate language should be avoided at all costs, intentionally or otherwise, the nurse needs to be cognizant of the fact that even his/her best attentions could be misinterpreted and cause mental stress

The Chatelperronian Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Chatelperronian - Dissertation Example As part of the Palaeolithic, there is heavy use of the lithic reduction technique and an emphasis on the use of one or two striking points as a way of creating stone tools (Movius, 1969). One of the most interesting aspects of the Chatelperronian industry is that many of the finds correspond to the period of transition between the middle and upper Palaeolithic eras, meaning that the Chatelperronian industry could straddle the interactions between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens (Lenoble, 2008). In fact, recent analysis of bone samples from the Grotte du Renne and Saint Cesaire areas of France suggest that there are Chatelperronian tools that have been manufactured by Neanderthals (Hublin et al, 2012).. Evidence suggests that it was manufactured by later Neanderthals after interaction with Homo sapiens, suggesting that there may have been a cultural overlap between the two species and some sharing of ideas (Hublin et al, 2012) As previously mentioned, many of the key sites for research into the Chatelperronian industry are based in France, with St. Cesaire, Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure, La Ferassie, Brassempouy, Roc de Combe and Le Piage being the most important and the most well-covered by the literature (Mellars, 2000). These sites have thrown up countless pieces of lithic evidence, including several types of stone tool that can be compared to Mousterian occupation artefacts (Harrold, 1981). Additionally, these sites have also shown that there are some key important features of the Chatelperronian industry, including the use of bone, shell and ivory in the tool-making proves – not often found at other archaeological sites of the same era (Lenoble, 2008). The history of research into the Chatelperronian is varied. At the Grotte des Fees, there are two cave entrances which play an important part in the development of the excavations in the areas. These were named in 1955 by Henri Delporte (Bailey & Hublin, 2006). However, the area has been of interest t o archaeologists for some time, with Bailleau excavating and exploring the area since 1869 (Bailey & Hublin, 2006). The recognition of the site as important historically comes from these two researchers, who built on early recognition of the site in the middle parts of the 19th century by discovering fossilferous deposits full of relevant faunal remains (Riel-Salvatore et al, 2008). Early research by Bailleau focused mainly on the two caves in the area, which feature two levels – one of sands and silts from the Graveron river and deposit later of Gallo-Roman pots. In this early research, there was no evidence of bones or flint artefacts – later believed to be the result of Gallo-Roman looting or later railway workers in the area (Lenoble, 2008). It was the second cave that was explored that was more important archaeologically because it was intact and full of modern animal species remains. There was still no evidence of flint artefacts at this stage of excavation, alth ough Bailleau interpreted some of the animal bone evidence from the second cave as proof that there was human activity at some point during the Pleistocene (Lenoble, 2008). It was actually the later work of Delporte that highlighted the importance of the site as a transition between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. A series of small tests in 1962 showed that further excavations beyond the west profile of the cave wall showed